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211.
Are sea-level-rise trends along the coasts of the north Indian Ocean consistent with global estimates? 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Mean-sea-level data from coastal tide gauges in the north Indian Ocean were used to show that low-frequency variability is consistent among the stations in the basin. Statistically significant trends obtained from records longer than 40 years yielded sea-level-rise estimates between 1.06–1.75 mm yr− 1, with a regional average of 1.29 mm yr− 1, when corrected for global isostatic adjustment (GIA) using model data. These estimates are consistent with the 1–2 mm yr− 1 global sea-level-rise estimates reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 相似文献
212.
Understanding the intensity and duration of tropical rain events is critical to modelling the rate and timing of wet‐canopy evaporation, the suppression of transpiration, the generation of infiltration‐excess overland flow and hence to erosion, and to river responsiveness. Despite this central role, few studies have addressed the characteristics of equatorial rainstorms. This study analyses rainfall data for a 5 km2 region largely comprising of the 4 km2 Sapat Kalisun Experimental Catchment in the interior of northeastern Borneo at sampling frequencies from 1 min?1 to 1 day?1. The work clearly shows that most rainfall within this inland, forested area is received during regular short‐duration events (<15 min) that have a relatively low intensity (i.e. less than two 0·2 mm rain‐gauge tips in almost all 5 min periods). The rainfall appears localized, with significant losses in intergauge correlations being observable in minutes in the case of the typical mid‐afternoon, convective events. This suggests that a dense rain‐gauge network, sampled at a high temporal frequency, is required for accurate distributed rainfall‐runoff modelling of such small catchments. Observed rain‐event intensity is much less than the measured infiltration capacities, and thus supports the tenet of the dominance of quick subsurface responses in controlling river behaviour in this small equatorial catchment. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
213.
天体周日视运动过程中天体的高度不断变化,对天体观测的质量有直接的影响,通过分析天体周日视运动过程中天体高度的变化率,给出不同观测时机进行天体高度观测的特性,并用曲线图的形式给出天体高度变化率的极值点和零值点。航海人员可以从更深的层次认识天体周日视运动的规律,指导天文定位过程中对天体高度的观测。 相似文献
214.
215.
下切河谷的研究不仅可以正确划分地层、确立年代地层格架、判定沉积环境演变、探讨海平面变化规律,对碳氢化合物勘探开发、地质工程等重大国民经济建设也有重要意义。本文介绍了下切河谷体系概念、特征、划分类型、研究历程和科学意义,着重论述了晚第四纪下切河谷的形成演化、层序地层格架和控制因素。晚第四纪下切河谷体系主要是海平面下降、河流向盆地扩展并侵蚀下伏地层的下切河流体系,在海平面上升时期被充填的长条状负向地形,以区域性的地层不整合面为底界。浪控型与潮控型下切河谷体系模式有许多不同之处:① 前者存在河口砂坝、中央盆地、湾顶三角洲,后者则没有这些沉积单元;② 前者浅海沉积较薄,后者较厚;③ 前者代表了贫砂的小河河口湾,由于泥砂量少,河口湾在最大海侵线附近,后者河流作用较强,泥砂量相对大,现代河口湾不断向海扩展,较下切河谷范围要大的多;④ 前者涉及溯源堆积在下切河谷充填中的作用,但对其强度估计不足。下切河谷体系的形成演化的影响因素众多,海平面变化、沉积物供应、沉积过程、下切河谷形态和气候变化等是主要控制因素。 相似文献
216.
Diurnal Variation of Tropical Cyclone Rainfall in the Western North Pacific in 2008-2010 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
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Diurnal variation of tropical cyclone (TC) rainfall in the western North Pacific (WNP) is investigated using the high-resolution Climate Prediction Center's morphing technique (CMORPH) products obtained from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). From January 2008 to October 2010, 72 TCs and 389 TC rainfall days were reported by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center's (JTWC) best-track record. The TC rain rate was partitioned using the Objective Synoptic Analysis Technique (OSAT) and interpolated into Local Standard Time (LST). Harmonic analysis was applied to analyze the diurnal variation of the precipitation. Obvious diurnal cycles were seen in approximately 70% of the TC rainfall days. The harmonic amplitude and phase of the mean TC rainfall rate vary with TC intensity, life stage, season, and spatial distribution. On the basis of intensity, tropical depressions (TDs) exhibit the highest precipitation variation amplitude (PVA), at approximately 30%, while super typhoons (STs) contain the lowest PVA, at less than 22%. On the basis of lifetime stage, the PVA in the decaying stage (more than 37%) is stronger than that in the developing (less than 20%) and sustaining (28%) stages. On the basis of location, the PVA of more than 35% (less than 18%) is the highest (lowest) over the high-latitude oceanic areas (the eastern ocean of the Philippine Islands). In addition, a sub-diurnal cycle of TC rainfall occurs over the high-latitude oceans. On the basis of season, the diurnal variation is more pronounced during summer and winter, at approximately 30% and 32%, respectively, and is weaker in spring and autumn, at approximately 22% and 24%, respectively. 相似文献
217.
Diurnal variation of tropical cyclone (TC) rainfall in the western North Pacific (WNP) is investigated using the high-resolution Climate Prediction Center’s morphing technique (CMORPH) products obtained from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). From January 2008 to October 2010, 72 TCs and 389 TC rainfall days were reported by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center’s (JTWC) best-track record. The TC rain rate was partitioned using the Objective Synoptic Analysis Technique (OSAT) and interpolated into Local Standard Time (LST). Harmonic analysis was applied to analyze the diurnal variation of the precipitation. Obvious diurnal cycles were seen in approximately 70% of the TC rainfall days.
The harmonic amplitude and phase of the mean TC rainfall rate vary with TC intensity, life stage, season, and spatial distribution. On the basis of intensity, tropical depressions (TDs) exhibit the highest precipitation variation amplitude (PVA), at approximately 30%, while super typhoons (STs) contain the lowest PVA, at less than 22%. On the basis of lifetime stage, the PVA in the decaying stage (more than 37%) is stronger than that in the developing (less than 20%) and sustaining (28%) stages. On the basis of location, the PVA of more than 35% (less than 18%) is the highest (lowest) over the high-latitude oceanic areas (the eastern ocean of the Philippine Islands). In addition, a sub-diurnal cycle of TC rainfall occurs over the high-latitude oceans. On the basis of season, the diurnal variation is more pronounced during summer and winter, at approximately 30% and 32%, respectively, and is weaker in spring and autumn, at approximately 22% and 24%, respectively. 相似文献
218.
利用高时间分辨率热带海洋浮标站点观测资料,分析热带区域海水温度多时间尺度变化特征,研究海水温度的日变化、季节变化和季节内变化。结果表明:热带海表面温度(Sea Surface Temperature,SST)具有不对称性的日变化特征。SST日较差与天气状况关系密切。有降水日的SST日平均值和幅度均低于无降水日,其不对称性具有区域性差异。在不同ENSO位相年份下的SST日平均值和振幅变化具有区域性,太平洋西部(Western Pacific,WP)的平均值和振幅差距较小,太平洋东部(Eastern Pacific,EP)和印度洋(Indian Ocean,IO)区域在El Niňo年的日平均值和振幅均大于La Niňa年。SST随季节变化具有区域性特征,WP区域SST的日平均温度和振幅在秋季最大,冬季最小;而EP和IO区域的日平均温度和振幅在春季最大,夏季最小。且SST日变化幅度随季节变化显著,主要受太阳短波辐射、降水和风速随季节变化的调制。此外,在季节内振荡时间尺度上,海水温度在200 m深度内随时间呈周期性变化,海水温度出现最大变率的中心位于100~150 m的深度范围内。不同区域由于温跃层深度不同,最大变率位置也有所差别。对海水温度变化特征分析可以为海—气耦合模式提供观测依据,以便准确地评估模式对海水温度的模拟效果。 相似文献
219.
W. K. Hocking 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》2004,95(1-4):671-679
At altitudes above 93 km in the atmosphere, magnetic and electric fields can affect the modes and rates of non-turbulent diffusion
of ionized meteor trails. Anisotropic diffusion is expected. Most theories of anisotropic diffusion, and indeed most experimental
studies, have concentrated on the effects of the magnetic field in producing this anisotropy, and different rates of expansion
are expected in directions parallel to and perpendicular to the magnetic field lines. In this study, we use interferometric
meteor radars to investigate the dependence of the ambipolar diffusion coefficient on viewing direction relative to the magnetic
field, and show that the dependence is at best weak when daily averages are used. We then demonstrate that the reason for
this effect is that the positions of maximum and minimum diffusion rates varies as a function of time of day, and that daily
averaging masks the anisotropy. One possibility to account for the observations is that this strong diurnal variation is a
consequence of the electric fields in the upper atmosphere, which are often tidally driven. An alternative possibility is
a diurnal cycle in mean meteor entrance speeds. We lean towards the first hypothesis, but both possibilities are discussed.
We demonstrate our results with data from several sites, but particularly using the Clovar radar near London, Ontario, Canada. 相似文献
220.
1 IntroductionTheArcticarea ,asthebackgroundofglobalclimateandenvironment,drawspeo ple’sattentionwithitsimpactonglobalchange (IPCC 1 990 ) .Greatamountofenergyandmassareexchangedbetweentheseaandairwithspecialinterface,air ice seasurface ,inthisarea .Thereforeiti… 相似文献