太湖不同形态异味物质含量、相互关系及其与环境因子关系的探讨

根据2009年6月到2010年5月太湖水样中溶解态和结合态异味化合物(2-甲基异茨醇(MIB)、土嗅素(GEO)、β-环柠檬醛、β-紫罗兰酮)的月间采样分析结果,综合考虑各种环境因子以及蓝藻种属,探讨了溶解态和结合态异味化合物之间的关系以及影响太湖中异味化合物的主要环境因子.结果表明溶解态MIB和结合态β-环柠檬醛、β-紫罗兰酮是研究期间湖水中的主要异味化合物,这些物质对于太湖水体发生异味具有较大贡献或较大潜在贡献.通过本文研究和对以往文献讨论推测,太湖中溶解态和结合态异味化合物相关关系较弱的原因可能是,异味化合物生产和释放速率的变化、微生物降解、光解、吸附和挥发等.同时发现微囊藻和叶绿素a与太湖异味化合物关系密切.蓝藻水华对于太湖异味化合物的发生具有重要影响,控制蓝藻水华发生的关键是控制或减缓太湖异味问题.     

江苏省固城湖围垦区池塘河蟹生态养殖效益及污染输出分析

选择江苏省固城湖围垦区典型河蟹养殖池塘为研究对象,跟踪研究养殖周期内不同养殖管理方式下的养殖效益及污染负荷通量,结果表明:固城湖围垦区河蟹生态养殖模式具有较高的经济效益,不同养殖池塘因投饵等管理方式不同其效益差别明显.河蟹养殖盈利最高10.5万元/hm2,亏损最高2.4万元/hm2,平均投入为6.3万元/hm2,其中饵料为最主要的养殖投入,占总投入的41.6%,平均产出为10.3万元/hm2.河蟹养殖会造成池塘氮、磷营养盐的累积,不同养殖池塘氮、磷污染负荷差异显著,平均总氮负荷为268.5 kg/hm2、总磷负荷为64.5 kg/hm2.饵料在池塘氮、磷输入上占比最高,分别为70%和90%;池塘水产品和排水输出只带走少量的氮、磷,主要以水草收割途径输出,分别占总输出的86%和88%.优化饵料结构、完善投饵体系和加强收割水草的有效转化是提高养殖效益、减少污染物输出和保护固城湖水环境的关键.     

基于FVCOM的太湖梅梁湾夏季水温、溶解氧模拟及其影响机制初探

水体中的溶解氧是表征水生生态系统健康与否的重要参数之一.本研究基于太湖2008年8月16 20日的风速、风向、短波辐射等气象场资料以及实测的相关水质参量,利用FVCOM(即非结构化网格有限体积近海海洋模型)模式对太湖梅梁湾三维水温以及水体中溶解氧进行模拟,模拟结果与实测值基本吻合,水温的验证回归方程为y=1.02x,R²为0.690;溶解氧的R²为0.760.同时对溶解氧浓度的时空分布,梅梁湾溶解氧的"源"和"汇"及其贡献进行了分析.结果表明:太阳辐射、风速是影响水温日成层现象的重要因子;受水温和光照的影响,夏季梅梁湾的溶解氧存在垂直差异,呈现出"双峰双谷"的日变化特征;浮游植物光合作用制氧是水中溶解氧的最重要来源,水下光衰减直接控制着初级生产力的垂直分布;浮游植物呼吸及死亡是溶解氧的最大消耗者,余下依次为底泥耗氧、碳化需氧、细菌呼吸耗氧和硝化作用耗氧.     

两级SBR工艺除磷脱氮自动控制实验研究

为了解决混合生长系统在除磷和脱氮过程中的矛盾,采用两级SBR反应器实现磷和氮的同时去除。实验证明,根据pH、ORP和DO在除磷级和脱氮级阶段性的变化规律,利用自动控制技术,可以分别对两级反应实现自动控制。     

贝类养殖环境的多参数同步连续监测

为研究贝类养殖对海湾环境的短期影响,在吊养和底播养殖区中利用同步自容式仪器,对海流、溶解氧、叶绿素荧光、浊度、水温、盐度、pH等环境参数进行了短期连续监测,观测结果支持同海区长期离散性环境调查和实验模拟结果,特别是为分析养殖笼对潮流流速的削减、悬吊养殖贝类对浮游植物的摄食压力和底层代谢对水层溶解氧的消耗等养殖对环境的影响提供了证据。     

Fitting concentration and load rating curves with generalized linear models

Generalized linear models may be used as a systematic and flexible alternative to existing practices in fitting sediment or solute concentration and load rating curves. Through widely available statistical software they offer a one‐step solution to the common and awkward problem that a bias correction is needed when estimating total loads. In particular, using a logarithmic link function has an advantage over logarithmic transformation of concentration or load, as generalized linear models return predictions directly on the original measured scale; there is thus no need for back‐transformation or subsequent correction factors. Example analyses are given for suspended sediment concentration for an upland stream in the Northern Pennines and for phosphorus load for the Illinois River. General criteria for choosing models and good practice in the use of figures of model merit and of residual plots are also discussed in detail. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Concentration and Characterization of Colored Dissolved Organic Matter in the Surface Microlayer and Subsurface Water of the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea

The distribution and chemical properties of colored dissolved organic matter(CDOM) in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea during December 2011-January 2012 were investigated. The input of freshwater and biological activities had an evident influence on the CDOM levels(characterized by the light absorption coefficient at the wavelength of 355 nm a₃₅₅) in the study area. The spatial distribution of CDOM levels displayed a gradually decreasing trend from the coastal waters(0.37 m^-1) to the open sea(0.18 m^-1). The spectral slope ratio(the slope ratio S_R defined as S_275-295:S_350-400) during the cruise was correlated with salinity, and exhibited a large variation from inshore(average of 2.515) to offshore sites(average of 5.327) compared with the distribution of a₃₅₅. The values of S_R were related to CDOM molecular weight(MW). The a₃₅₅, S_R, and chlorophyll a in 37 samples collected from the surface microlayer were significantly correlated with those in the corresponding subsurface water samples, implying a strong exchange action between the microlayer and bulk water. The a₃₅₅ and S_R of CDOM exhibited significant microlayer enrichment, with mean enrichment factors(EFs) of 1.72 and 1.62, respectively.     

浒苔绿潮暴发期间海水溶解有机碳的生物可利用性及其碳汇作用

自2007年以来,浒苔绿潮已经连续15年在南黄海暴发。浒苔(Ulva prolifera)作为主要肇事藻种,在暴发过程中向海水释放大量的溶解有机碳(DOC)。然而,这些藻源DOC能否长期保存在海洋中,主要取决于它们的生物可利用性,目前关于此方面的研究甚少。本研究在浒苔绿潮大规模暴发时期(2019年6月),分别在浒苔暴发海区和无浒苔海区各选择3个站位富集表层海水,在实验室进行长期(300 d)的DOC降解实验。结果发现,在60 d内,不同站位富集海水中的DOC浓度随着微生物的利用快速下降,微生物丰度也在第60天达到峰值,表明这些被消耗的DOC是生物可利用性高的活性DOC(LDOC)。60 d后,剩余的DOC可抵抗微生物的降解,在60～300 d内保持稳定,表明这些DOC是具有强稳定性的惰性DOC(RDOC)。最终发现,浒苔暴发海水的RDOC占富集DOC的46%,明显高于无浒苔海水的(36%)。并且,荧光溶解有机物(FDOM)中活性的类蛋白组分随着微生物的利用被快速消耗,惰性的类腐殖质组分逐渐积累,暗示了在降解过程中LDOC逐渐向RDOC转化。可见,浒苔绿潮暴发除了在短时间内增加海水中的D...     

Tracing water mass mixing in the Baltic–North Sea transition zone using the optical properties of coloured dissolved organic matter

The distribution and characteristics of coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in the Baltic – North Sea transition zone were studied. The aim was to assess the validity of predicting CDOM absorption in the region on the basis of water mass mixing alone and demonstrate the utility of CDOM as an indicator of water mass mixing in coastal seas. A three-end-member mixing model representing the three major allochthonous CDOM sources was sufficient to describe the patterns in CDOM absorption distribution observed. The three-end-member water masses were the: Baltic outflow, German Bight and the central North Sea. Previously, it was thought that water from the German Bight transported northwards in the Jutland coastal current only sporadically influenced mixing between the Baltic and North Sea. The results from this study show that water from the German Bight is detectable at salinities down to 12 in the Kattegat and Belt Sea. On average, 23% of the CDOM in bottom waters of the Kattegat, Great Belt, Belt Sea, Arkona Sea and the Sound originated from the German Bight. Using this conservative mixing model approach, local CDOM inputs were detectable but found to be limited, representing only 0.25% of CDOM in the surface waters of the Kattegat and Belt Sea. The conservative mixing of CDOM makes it possible to predict its distribution and characteristics and offers a powerful tool for tracing water mass mixing in the region. The results also emphasize the need to include the Jutland Coastal current in hydrodynamic models for the region.