Changes in the spectral and chemical properties of a water mass passing through extensive macrophyte beds in a large fluvial lake (Lake Saint-Pierre, Québec, Canada)

Large fluvial lakes, as part of river corridors, are recognized as spatially heterogeneous ecosystems. Due to their shallowness, the littoral zone of these lakes occupies a large proportion of their surface and is extensively covered by macrophytes that are known to affect their physical, chemical and biological environments in various ways. This study documents the small-scale (5 km) bio-optical variations associated with the longitudinal passage of a water mass through macrophyte beds during their maximal growth season. The utilization of a 2D hydrodynamic model allowed us to establish hydrological connectivity between stations within the beds, and thus to identify longitudinal heterogeneity along the macrophyte beds. Significant changes in the inherent properties of the water were observed along the upstream-downstream gradient. Due to their effects on hydrodynamics, macrophytes were responsible for a decrease in particles and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) resulting in an increasing penetration depth of ultraviolet (UV) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Along the transect, chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) decreased more rapidly than DOC resulting in a decrease of the CDOM to DOC ratio. The observed changes in the DOC pool may be explained by the constant input of non-chromophoric DOC from macrophyte leachates and exudation within the bed and/or the photochemical and microbial degradation of CDOM. The implication of such small-scale heterogeneity on Lake Saint-Pierre productivity is discussed.     

Reconstructing long‐term records of dissolved CO2

The dissolved CO₂ concentration of stream waters is an important component of the terrestrial carbon cycle. This study reconstructs long‐term records of dissolved CO₂ concentration for the outlets of two large catchments (818 and 586 km²) in northern England. The study shows that:

• 1. The flux of dissolved CO₂ from the catchments (as carbon per catchment area), when adjusted for that which would be carried by the river water at equilibrium with the atmosphere, is between 0 and 0·39 t km⁻² year⁻¹ for the River Tees and between 0 and 0·65 t km⁻² year⁻¹ for the River Coquet.
• 2. The flux of dissolved CO₂ is closely correlated with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) export and is unrelated to dissolved CO₂ export from the headwaters of the study catchments.
• 3. The evasion rate of CO₂ from the rivers (as carbon per stream area) is between 0·0 and 1·49 kg m⁻² year⁻¹, and calculated in‐stream productions of CO₂ are estimated as between 0·5 and 2·5% of the stream evasion rate.
• 4. By mass balance, it is estimated that 8% of the annual flux of DOC is lost within the streams of the catchment.

The study shows that the loss of CO₂ from the streams of the Tees catchment is between 3·1 and 7·5 kt year⁻¹ (as carbon) for the River Tees, which is the same order as annual CH₄ flux from peats within the catchment and approximately 50% of the net CO₂ exchange to the peats of the catchment. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

北京边界层大气污染物的垂直廓线监测与分析

基于扫描差分光学吸收光谱（DOAS）系统,于2007年8月27日~9月4日期间对北京市朝阳区大气污染物SO2,HCHO,O3和NO2的垂直分布进行了连续监测,并对污染物垂直廓线进行了分析,详细探讨了SO2垂直分布特征以及夜间NO对O3的滴定作用.结果表明,SO2浓度通常没有明显垂直分层分布特征,但在清晨风速较低时呈现负梯度变化.研究发现夜间O3、NO和NO2之间存在稳态作用,表明城市区域O3的滴定主要来自于地面NO的直接排放,显示出NO的滴定作用对夜间O3、NO和NO2的垂直变化起到重要作用.     

淀山湖有色可溶性有机物的光谱吸收特性

探讨了淀山湖水体中有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)的光谱吸收特性,CDOM与叶绿素a、浊度和COD等水质参数的关系,以及不同波段范围内CDOM光谱吸收形状(指数函数斜率S值)的变化.结果表明:淀山湖CDOM吸收系数不高,在355 nm波长处的吸收系数变化范围是6.95-10.28 m-1,而且湖南区高于湖北区;CDOM吸收系数和叶绿素a、浊度、COD等水质参数的相关性都不高,证明湖中的CDOM主要来自于城镇生活污水和工业废水的排放;CDOM吸收系数在300-500 nm范围内随着波长的增加呈指数递减,超过500 nm之后呈线性递减,在300-500 nm波段范围内指数函数的曲线斜率S为11.7-14.8 μm-1,在501-750 nm波段范围内波长每增1 nm,CDOM的吸收系数减小0.0021 m-1.     

太湖3种优势微囊藻对不同形态磷的吸收利用

微囊藻(Microcystis)是最常见的淡水水华蓝藻,它们对磷营养盐的竞争力是其成为优势种的最主要影响因素.本文以太湖水华中的3种优势微囊藻(Microcystis flos-aquae,Microcystis wesenbergii和Microcystis aeruginosa)为材料,比较研究了它们对正磷酸盐(K₂HPO₄)、三聚磷酸盐(Na₅P₃O₁₀)、小分子溶解态有机磷(葡萄糖-6-磷酸,G-6-P)和大分子溶解态有机磷(卵磷脂)的吸收和利用能力.结果发现,3种微囊藻对4种磷形态有明显的嗜好.当磷浓度为0.2 mg/L时,M. flosaquae只在正磷酸盐下生长最快,M. wesenbergii在三聚磷酸盐和大、小分子有机磷下生长最快,M. aeruginosa在所有磷形态下生长都最慢.而当磷浓度为2.0 mg/L时,M. flos-aquae在所有形态磷下生长都最快.在2种磷浓度下M. wesenbergii都表现出最高的溶解态无机磷比例和光合活性F_v/F_m.以上结果说明,3种藻在磷形态利用方面存在明显的互补性差异,即低磷浓度下M. wesenbergii适宜利用的磷形态更多,高磷浓度下M. flos-aquae适宜利用的磷形态更多,而不论磷浓度高低,M. aeruginosa对4种形态磷的适应性最差.由此可知,可利用磷形态的丰富性只是部分优势微囊藻的竞争策略.     

A modelling approach to assessing variations of total suspended solids (tss) mass fluxes during storm events

Connections between the catchment hydrology and accumulation, washoff and transport of pollutants in wet weather greatly affect the management of urban drainage and its wet‐weather effluents. In recent years, the concept of the first flush has gained on prominence and was further developed for analyzing the interaction between the hydrology and transport of runoff pollutants. One of the most important definitions of the first flush can be derived from the analysis of the m(v) curves (i.e. the curves in which the normalized cumulative pollutant mass is plotted vs the normalized cumulative runoff volume). Indeed the m(v) curves, indicating the distribution of pollutant mass versus volume in wet‐weather flow (WWF) discharges, are commonly used for comparing pollutant discharges for different rainfall events and catchments. In this study, the m(v) curves were used to define the concepts of flow‐limited and mass‐limited WWF events. These two different behaviours have been analysed for rainfall/runoff events observed in the urbanized part of the Liguori catchment in Cosenza (Italy). In order to advance the understanding of the intra‐event variability of m(v) curves, the mathematical rainfall/runoff model Storm Water Management Model of the US Environmental Protection Agency (SWMM) was calibrated for eight observed rainfall/runoff events and the differences between observed and simulated m(v) curves were analysed. The results showed a good correlation between the observed and simulated m(v) curves, and this finding offers further benefits in SWMM model calibration. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

夏县地震台热水井溶解水氡干扰因素分析

通过对夏县地震台水氡观测数据分析,找出可能存在的干扰因素与水氡观测数据之间的变化规律。分析结果表明,地下水开采是影响夏县地震台水氡观测的主要因素,气温、气压对热水井溶解水氡测值几乎没有影响。     

基于走航高频监测的水库冬季水体溶解甲烷浓度分布:以湖北西北口水库为例

水库是大气甲烷(CH4)的重要来源之一,但目前对水库(尤其是河道型水库)中溶解CH_4浓度及释放潜力的空间异质性的认识仍不足.为揭示河道型水库冬季溶解CH_4浓度的分布规律,于2020年1月在湖北宜昌黄柏河流域内西北口水库采用自主研发的新型快速水—气平衡装置(FaRAGE)连接便携式温室气体分析仪,开展了水体溶解CH4浓度的连续走航式监测及断面垂向监测.根据溶解CH4从库尾至库首的浓度变化可以将水库分为3段:距回水末端1 km内为快速降低段,溶解CH4浓度范围为0.117～0.233 μmol/L;1～6 km内为缓慢降低段,CH4浓度范围为0.055～0.117 μmol/L;6～13km范围内为浓度平稳段,CH4浓度范围为0.039～0.080 μmd/L.整体上,水库表层水体溶解CH_4浓度与表层水温、水深及距回水末端的距离呈显著负相关关系(r=-0.77、-0.89、-0.81;P0.01),与叶绿素a浓度、溶解氧浓度呈显著正相关性(r=0.95、0.97;P0.01).基于当月平均风速,采用薄边界层法估算了上述3段区域的DH_4扩散通量,分别为(0.023±0.004)、(0.012±0.003)、(0.007±0.001) mg/(m~2·h).西北口水库在冬季表现为向大气释放CH_4的"源",且由于溶解CH_4浓度分布不均而表现出较强的空间差异性.     

土地利用与覆被变化对巢湖湖滨带土壤有机碳组分及酶活性的影响

为了揭示湖滨带土地利用与覆被改变对土壤有机碳库及生态功能的影响,本文选取了巢湖湖滨带（北岸）9个典型样方,分析和比较了表层（0~30 cm）土壤有机碳组分特征以及相关酶的活性.结果表明,巢湖湖滨带不同采样点土壤总有机碳（TOC）含量变化范围为2.88~11.2 g/kg,平均含量为9.12 g/kg,其中原生芦苇（Phragmites australis）湿地土壤TOC含量最高（11.2 g/kg）,而芦苇群落消失后形成的荒滩土壤TOC含量最低,仅为2.88 g/kg.表征湖滨带湿地缓冲性能的土壤阳离子交换量（CEC）也以原生芦苇湿地土壤为最高,并与TOC含量呈现明显正相关.湖滨带表层土壤溶解性有机碳（DOC）和易氧化有机碳（EOC）含量变化范围分别为150~370 mg/kg和1.7~5.2 g/kg,其变化幅度明显高于TOC,其中DOC含量各采样点差异最为显著.除多酚氧化酶外,次生水柳林（Homonoia riparia Lour.）表层土壤几种酶的活性较原生芦苇湿地土壤皆有所上升,特别是蔗糖酶活性增加幅度最为明显.受人类活动干扰较大的湖滨绿地公园和人工草滩土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶酶活性普遍显著低于原生芦苇湿地.除多酚氧化酶外,土壤中几种酶活性与土壤有机碳组分EOC和DOC含量均呈现显著的正相关,其中蔗糖酶活性与DOC含量之间相关系数最高（r=0.907）,其相关性均达到极显著水平.土壤溶解性有机碳和蔗糖酶可以作为表征因土地利用与覆被变化导致湖滨带湿地退化以及生态恢复效果的敏感性指标.