Dark respiration in the light and in darkness of three marine macroalgal species grown under ambient and elevated CO2 concentrations

Dark respiration (non-photorespiratory mitochondrial respiration),which occurs both in the light and in darkness,is vital for growth and survival of algae and plays a critical role in modulating the carbon balance of them.In the present study,we have investigated dark respiration in the light (R L) and in darkness (R D) in three marine macroalgal species,Hizikia fusiformis (phaeophyta),Gracilaria lemaneiformis (Rhodophyta) and Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta),cultured at 20℃ using aeration with two CO 2 conditions:current ambient (CO 2 concentration about 380 μl/L) and elevated CO 2 (approximately 720 μl/L) air.R L was estimated by using the Kok method,whereas R D was determined as the rate of O 2 influx at zero light.The results showed that both R L and R D were unchanged for the elevated CO 2-grown algae relative to ambient CO 2 concentration for all the algal species tested.However,R L was significantly lower than R D across all the algal species and growth CO 2 treatments,demonstrating that daytime respiration was partly depressed by the light.The percentage of inhibition of respiration by light was similar between ambient and elevated CO 2 grown algae.The ratio of respiration to photosynthesis,which tended to decrease when estimated using R L instead of R D,was not altered for the elevated relative to ambient CO 2 concentration.The results suggest that R L,rather than R D,is a more accurate estimate of nonphotorespiratory carbon loss in marine macroalgae during the daytime.It would not be anticipated that elevated atmospheric CO 2 would exert a substantial influence on respiratory flux either in the light or in darkness in these particular marine macroalgal species.     

养马岛附近海域藻华期间有色溶解有机质的生物可利用性研究

本研究利用吸收光谱和荧光激发-发射矩阵光谱-平行因子分析(EEMs-PARAFAC),研究了养马岛附近海域海水中有色溶解有机质(CDOM)的浓度、组成、来源和生物可利用性,并估算了浮游植物生长繁殖对CDOM及具有生物可利用性CDOM的贡献。结果表明,表、底层海水中CDOM浓度(以吸收系数a₃₅₀计)平均值分别为1.62±0.42 m^-1和1.30±0.47 m^-1,光谱斜率(S_275-295)平均值分别为0.022±0.003 nm^-1和0.023±0.003 nm^-1。利用PARAFAC模型识别出4种荧光组分,分别为陆源类腐殖酸C1、类色氨酸C2、类酪氨酸C3和微生物源类腐殖酸C4。荧光指数(FIX)、腐殖化指数(HIX)和生物指数(BIX)显示,CDOM受陆源输入和海洋自生源的综合影响。降解实验结果显示,表、底层海水中生物可利用性CDOM百分比(%△a₃₅₀)平均值分别为(23.36%±17.94%)和(8.93%±20.30%)。C1、C2和C4组分的荧光强度在培养之后降低,而C3组分的荧光强度上升。各荧光组分生物可利用性依次递减的顺序为:%△C1(23.75%±8.96%)＞%△C4(20.83%±11.71%)＞%△C2(11.67%±38.87%)＞%△C3(-29.61%±39.90%),显示培养之后CDOM的平均分子量和腐殖化程度降低。表层海水中a₃₅₀、%△a350与Chl a之间存在显著线性相关关系,据此可以估算出浮游植物生长繁殖对CDOM的贡献为36.9%,对具有生物可利用性CDOM的贡献为85.0%。     

基于能源消费的中国不同产业空间的碳足迹分析

Using energy consumption and land use data of each region of China in 2007,this paper established carbon emission and carbon footprint model based on energy consumption,and estimated the carbon emission amount of fossil energy and rural biomass energy of dif-ferent regions of China in 2007.Through matching the energy consumption items with indus-trial spaces,this paper divided industrial spaces into five types:agricultural space,living & industrial-commercial space,transportation industrial space,fishery and water conservancy space,and other industrial space.Then the author analyzed the carbon emission intensity and carbon footprint of each industrial space.Finally,advices of decreasing industrial carbon footprint and optimizing industrial space pattern were put forward.The main conclusions are as following:(1) Total amount of carbon emission from energy consumption of China in 2007 was about 1.65 GtC,in which the proportion of carbon emission from fossil energy was 89%.(2) Carbon emission intensity of industrial space of China in 2007 was 1.98 t/hm2,in which,carbon emission intensity of living & industrial-commercial space and of transportation in-dustrial space was 55.16 t/hm2 and 49.65 t/hm2 respectively,they were high-carbon-emission industrial spaces among others.(3) Carbon footprint caused by industrial activities of China in 2007 was 522.34 106 hm2,which brought about ecological deficit of 28.69 106 hm2,which means that the productive lands were not sufficient to compensate for carbon footprint of industrial activities,and the compensating rate was 94.5%.As to the regional carbon footprint,several regions have ecological profit while others have not.In general,the present ecologi-cal deficit caused by industrial activities was small in 2007.(4) Per unit area carbon footprint of industrial space in China was about 0.63 hm2/hm2 in 2007,in which that of living & indus-trial-commercial space was the highest (17.5 hm2/hm2).The per unit area carbon footprint of different industrial spaces all presented a declining trend from east to west of China.     

由电法勘探资料计算地下水矿化度的软件系统

地下水矿化度是划分地下咸淡水的重要参数，过去人们常用手工计算。但由于涉及的参数众多，计算过程烦琐，人工计算不仅速度慢，而且容易出错。一种利用Visual Fortrain和C^ 编制的批量计算地下水矿化度的软件系统，可有效地解决这类烦恼。该系统根据事先由电(磁)测深资料反演出的真电阻率数据，借助水文地质资料划分出不同区块的孔隙度、水质类型及温度等参数，自行判别计算公式，在数秒内可算完一条电(磁)测深剖面下的地下水矿化度。经实际试算，效果令人满意。     

浙江省进出口产品隐含碳的计算及其影响因素

近年来,CO2等温室气体的过多排放日益为世界各国所重视。文章对浙江省近年外贸中的CO2含量进行分析研究。内涵碳的净出口量与其占全省碳排放的比值都呈现增加的势头;两个时期的进（出）口的规模变动效果全是正向;两个时期的进（出）口结构变动效果有明显差异,2005—2008年期间,出口的结构变动效果为7 201.89×104 t,进口的结构变动效果综合后为-3 124.27×104 t;在此阶段,中间投入变动效果有明显的改善,2002—2005年进（出）口的中间投入变动效果是40.34×104 t（32.21×104 t）,2005—2008年阶段是-3 428.33×104 t（-4 942.21×104 t）;单位GDP碳排放量变动效果也有明显改善,并且两个时期单位GDP碳排放量变动效果主要是由单位GDP能耗变动效果所决定;两个时期进（出）口单位能耗的碳排放量变动效果均非常小。     

Characters of the Pco2 and CO2 Flux in the East China Sea in Autumn

Pco2 of air and seawater samples from the East China Sea(ECS) were measured in situ in autumn, 1994,Ocean currents,terrestrial fluviation,biological activities,etc.,Pco2 char-acters in air and seawater were investigated,CO2 flux and its character in the East China Sea are discussed on the basis of the Pco2 profiles of air and seawater,It was clear that the nearshore was the source of CO2;and tht the oulter sea area was the sink of CO2; and that the shelf area of the EXS is a net sink for atmospheric CO2 in autumn.     

CARBON DYNAMICS OF WETLAND IN THE SANJIANG PLAIN

1INTRODUCTIONWetlandsplayanimportant roleintheprocessofcar-bonstorage.Thetotalcarbonstoredindifferentkindsofwetlandsisabout15%-35%ofthetotalcarboninthegloballandsoils(POSTetal.,1982;GORHAM,1991).Inaddition,wetlandsaresignificantnaturalsources fortheatmospheric CH4 (MOORE,1994).It isestimatedthatabout110×1012gCH4 originates fromanaerobicdecompositioninthenaturalwetlands,CH4 emission fromthenaturalwetlandsis15%-30%oftheglobalCH4 emission andtheCH4 emission from thepeat land at hi…     

Ratios of stable carbon isotopes in some High Arctic plants and lake sediments

¹³C/¹²C ratios for a number of High Arctic vascular plants (51 determinations), mosses (11), and freshwater algae (11) show considerable variation, particularly among the freshwater algae (range from-6.9 to -36.3). In some cases the stable carbon ratios on modern and fossil materials provide guidance as to whether marine waters formerly occupied a given pond or lake basin. In other cases the ¹³C values for algae collected along the present-day shore of a pond or lake bear no relation to the values obtained on constituents preserved within the bottom sediments, suggesting that major changes have occurred in the last few thousand years.Geological Survey of Canada Contribution No. 17291. Contribution No. 41 from the Cape Herschel Project.     

综合大洋钻探计划311航次沉积物中自生碳酸盐岩碳、氧稳定同位素特征

为了探索水合物背景下沉积物中自生矿物响应,对采自综合大洋钻探计划（IODP）311航次沉积物中自生碳酸盐岩颗粒进行了矿物组成、形貌特征和碳、氧稳定同位素特征等研究。X光粉晶衍射（XRD）和扫描电镜（SEM）结果显示碳酸盐岩颗粒的主要矿物成分是铁白云石和方解石,呈多孔状结核和不规则状集合体产出。碳酸盐岩颗粒的碳稳定同位素δ¹³C_PDB低至-41.50‰,证实其碳源源自甲烷,其成因与甲烷厌氧氧化过程有关,印证了研究区存在海底甲烷渗漏现象,是甲烷水合物赋存区重要的识别标志之一。碳酸盐岩颗粒的氧稳定同位素δ¹⁸O_PDB总体上随着沉积物深度增加而减小,可能指示沉积物的背景温度由下而上（从早到晚）逐渐降低。研究结果提供了现代海洋天然气水合物背景下沉积物中自生碳酸盐岩的碳、氧稳定同位素记录,对于寻找我国海域天然气水合物资源,探索地史时期古海洋沉积物中类似的甲烷事件记录具有重要的理论和实践指导意义。