three-dimensional sensitivity coefficients of apparent resistivity and preliminary application

We calculate three-dimensional sensitivity coefficients distribution of apparent resistivity observation when Schlumberger array is used by using finite element method. Analysis results suggest that for the situation of one-dimensional positive or minus coefficient of surface medium, three-dimensional sensitivity coefficients distribution at surface shows similar patterns, and sensitivity coefficients distributions of different layered electric structures are also similar. There are two approximate ellipses at the two-dimensional surface plane between current electrodes and potential electrodes, where sensitivity coefficients are minus, and sensitivity coefficients at other areas are positive. Sensitivity coefficients at two approximate ellipses between current electrodes and potential electrodes are minus at the vertical section along monitoring line, while others are positive. From the three-dimensional view, minus sensitivity coefficients are at the two approximate half ellipsoids between current electrodes and potential electrodes when arrays are applied at surface. And coefficients near the electrodes are much greater than other areas. When resistivity of local areas at surface changes, we can qualitatively analyze the disturbing effects caused by the areas using three dimensional sensitivity coefficients distribution, and the analysis result can serve as reference for further experiment and numerical model quantitative analysis.     

Evaluation of force-based and displacement-based out-of-plane seismic assessment methods for unreinforced masonry walls through refined model simulations

The performance of force-based and displacement-based seismic assessment methods for the life-safety limit state check of out-of-plane loaded unreinforced masonry walls is evaluated on the basis of refined numerical simulations. For this purpose, a discrete element model of a vertically spanning wall is built and validated against experimental results from static and dynamic test conditions. The model is then analysed for a large range of wall configurations. For each configuration, a static pushover analysis and a series of incremental dynamic analyses are run, the latter permitting to determine the capacity of the wall under dynamic loading. The accuracy of the assessment methods in predicting the acceleration at which the walls collapse is evaluated. It is found that the displacement-based method is more accurate, robust, and safe than the force-based method. The comparison also shows that for walls characterised by a relatively high ratio of axial load to Euler's critical load, both assessment methods lead to an overestimation of the wall capacity. As a remedy, a modification to the methods based on a recently developed mechanical model is put forward and tested. For the force-based method, it is additionally suggested to set for walls with relatively high overburden ratios the behaviour factor equal to 1. To ensure reproducibility of this study, all input and output files of the numerical simulations are made publicly available.     

Shaking‐table tests of flat‐bottom circular silos containing grain‐like material

According to Eurocode 8, the seismic design of flat‐bottom circular silos containing grain‐like material is based on a rough estimate of the inertial force imposed on the structure by the ensiled content during an earthquake: 80% of the mass of the content multiplied by the peak ground acceleration. A recent analytical consideration of the horizontal shear force mobilised within the ensiled material during an earthquake proposed by some of the authors has resulted in a radically reduced estimate of this load suggesting that, in practice, the effective mass of the content is significantly less than that specified. This paper describes a series of laboratory tests that featured shaking table and a silo model, which were conducted in order to obtain some experimental data to verify the proposed theoretical formulations and to compare with the established code provisions. Several tests have been performed with different heights of ensiled material – about 0.5 mm diameter Ballotini glass – and different magnitudes of grain–wall friction. The results indicate that in all cases, the effective mass is indeed lower than the Eurocode specification, suggesting that the specification is overly conservative, and that the wall–grain friction coefficient strongly affects the overturning moment at the silo base. At peak ground accelerations up to around 0.35 g, the proposed analytical formulation provides an improved estimate of the inertial force imposed on such structures by their contents. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

大功率高频电波加热电离层中人工沿场不均匀体散射特性的理论与数值模拟研究

大功率高频电波与电离层的相互作用会引起电子密度扰动,进而产生人工沿场不均匀体,其对无线电波特别是超短波信号有强的定向散射能力,可形成一种新型的超短波通信方式.基于各向异性介质的散射理论,首先通过求解电子密度扰动产生的附加极化势获得电子密度扰动散射方程,然后对电子密度扰动进行高斯自相关处理,并结合入射波/散射波与地磁场方向的空间几何关系,获得电子密度扰动的波数谱表达式,建立了人工沿场不均匀体的散射系数理论模型.利用模型对Platteville站实验中产生的人工不均匀体散射截面积进行了数值模拟,并通过与实测值对比验证了模型的正确性.根据人工沿场散射原理给出了利用其进行无线电信号传输的约束条件.重点仿真分析了人工沿场不均匀体的散射系数和散射覆盖区范围,结果表明：同等条件下,相对于高纬度地区,低纬度地区人工沿场不均匀体的散射系数小5~10 dB,但其散射覆盖区的地面范围大,东西向可达3000 km,南北向可达1500 km,完全可用于超短波信号的超远距离传输.本文结果为中低纬度地区开展相关实验研究提供了理论指导,对利用人工沿场不均匀体进行无线信号的超远距离传输应用研究具有重要意义.     

Spectral Simulation and Conditioning to Local Continuity Trends in Geologic Modeling

Spectral simulation has gained application in building geologic models due to the advantage of better honoring the spatial continuity of petrophysical properties, such as reservoir porosity and shale volume. Distinct from sequential simulation methods, spectral simulation is a global algorithm in the sense that a global density spectrum is calculated once and the inverse Fourier transform is performed on the Fourier coefficient also only once to generate a simulation realization. The generated realizations honor the spatial continuity structure globally over the whole field instead of only within a search neighborhood, as with sequential simulation algorithms. However, the disadvantage of global spectral simulation is that it traditionally cannot account for the local information such as the local continuity trends, which are often observed in reservoirs and hence are important to be accounted for in geologic models. This disadvantage has limited wider application of spectral simulation in building geologic models. In this paper, we present ways of conditioning geologic models to the relevant local information. To account for the local continuity trends, we first scale different frequency components of the original model with local-amplitude spectrum ratios that are specific to the local trend. The sum of these scaled frequency components renders a new model that displays the desired local continuity trend. The implementation details of this new method are discussed and examples are provided to illustrate the algorithm.     

核安全相关边坡与一般边坡挡土墙抗震稳定性验算对比分析

在挡土墙稳定性计算基本原理基础上, 引入《核电厂抗震设计规范》(GB 50267-97) 关于地震系数的规定, 重新建立了安全相关边坡挡土墙土压力和地震角计算公式, 并应用到实际工程中。对比分析显示, 挡土墙按核安全边坡和一般边坡进行抗震验算时, 地震系数、地震角的取值相差较大; 由于按核安全边坡计算时地震力远大于一般边坡, 因此稳定系数远小于一般边坡。     

季冻区土质边坡滑动界面临界深度的试验研究

为研究季节冰冻区土质边坡春融期常发生的浅层滑坡灾害,考虑盐水冰点低于水的冰点这一物理特性,设计了模拟土坡内部冻融界面的试验方法。比较了在不同含水率时,经冻融循环后土质边坡滑动面的临界深度,验证了在冻融界面上土质边坡的破坏形态,根据试验结果拟合了符合本文土样条件的土质边坡滑动面临界深度的损伤模型。分析表明,冻融循环后,随含水率和冻融循环次数的增加,边坡滑动破坏的临界深度值逐渐减小,经对试验数据拟合提出的临界深度随冻融循环损伤模型,可为季节冰冻区的边坡设计提供参考。     

围岩作用下锚杆砂浆锈胀开裂过程分析

从砂浆锚杆锚固体自身的特点出发,借鉴钢筋混凝土结构锈胀开裂研究成果,对锚杆砂浆锈胀开裂过程进行了分析。考虑锚杆锈蚀体积膨胀过程,以填充系数表示砂浆开裂过程中锚杆锈蚀产物的损失,建立了锚杆锈蚀后砂浆内部位移模型,以弹性力学为基础,引入围岩参数影响系数概念,对锚杆锈蚀导致砂浆保护层开裂过程以及围岩参数对开裂过程的影响程度等进行了分析研究,并采用有限元分析方法对其进行了验证。理论分析结果表明,因锚杆锈蚀而导致的砂浆保护层开裂以及裂纹的扩展情况均与围岩特性密切相关,砂浆开裂后裂纹会经历一段稳定扩展过程,裂纹的最大稳定扩展半径随围岩参数影响系数的增加而增大,在合适的围岩参数条件下,裂纹可以一直稳定扩展致整个砂浆保护层外壁。有限元分析结论与理论结果一致。     

压实黄土非饱和渗透系数试验研究

压实黄土非饱和渗透特性具有重要的工程意义。对不同干密度的压实黄土试样,采用非饱和导水率测定系统进行非饱和渗透系数量测,得到不同干密度压实黄土的渗透系数与吸力的关系。试验结果表明：渗透系数随吸力的增大而成非线性减小,随干密度的减小而增大;在低吸力时,干密度对渗透系数的影响较大;在较高吸力时,干密度对渗透系数的影响较小。进一步给出了压实黄土的渗透系数模型并进行回归分析,得到各Wind幂函数模型参数与干密度的关系,建立了基于干密度的压实黄土渗透系数的确定方法。     

软土固结系数确定方法的研究及应用

在砂井地基固结度计算中,土的固结系数是一个十分重要的参数,土的固结系数通常通过室内试验求得,但室内取得水平向固结系数制样比较困难。利用软基处理过程中孔隙水压力监测资料来推算软土的固结系数,并和室内试验加以对比分析,总结出二者之间的相互关系及变化规律,可供同类工程设计借鉴。