数字科普馆建设对防震减灾科普宣传的启示——以海南省地震局防震减灾数字科普馆为例

随着数字化技术的发展和互联网的普及,互联网+防震减灾科普已成为实现防震减灾科普社会化的最有效途径。数字地震科普馆作为计算机技术发展的产物,在更深更广的时空范围内进行地震知识的普及,能够极大地提高地震科普宣传的质量和效率。本文以海南省地震局防震减灾数字科普馆为例,介绍其构建及实现技术,说明其应用情况,探讨了数字科普馆对防震减灾科普宣传的启示及其对未来宣传防震减灾科学知识的促进作用。     

化探野外采样点位误差监测

化探野外采样设计应使人力、物力、时间、日工作量与交通条件及总承包任务相匹配。化探野外采样合理质检率因交通条件不同差别很大,交通条件差时必须勤搬家、多搬家;在GPS定位与航迹监控技术已应用于野外采样工作的前提下,野外质量检查的重点应转向物质组分检查,由检查人员进行重复采样是实现组分检查的有效途径。严重的点位误差可以在地球化学图上显示,并可以按显示特征结合地质背景、原始记录来推断、判定。     

EVALUATION OF SOME IMPLICIT TIME-STEPPING ALGORITHMS FOR PSEUDODYNAMIC TESTS

Two types of implicit time-stepping algorithms have been proposed recently for pseudodynamic tests. The first type consists of an algorithm which relies on Newton iterations to satisfy the equations of motion. The second type consists of an algorithm which is based on the Operator-Splitting technique and does not require any numerical iteration. While one or the other has been preferred by some researchers, these time-stepping algorithms have not been analysed and compared under a uniform setting. In this paper, a concise summary of these schemes is presented, and they are evaluated in a consistent manner in terms of numerical dissipation, frequency distortion and experimental errors. The analytical results are validated by numerical simulations as well as experimental results. It is shown that the algorithm based on Newton iterations can control experimental error effects effectively by means of an error-correction procedure. The algorithm based on the Operator-Splitting technique demonstrates similar performance provided the I-Modification is adopted.     

扫描数字化地图数据的误差分析及控制

分析了基于扫描数字化GIS数据生产过程中的误差来源,针对各种误差提出了质量控制方法和一些质量控制指标,并结合实例作了精度分析。可以为地图扫描数字化减小误差、进行质量控制提供一定的借鉴。     

Analysis of ice water path retrieval errors over tropical ocean

Retrieval of multi-layered cloud properties, especially ice water path (IWP), is one of the most perplexing problems in satellite cloud remote sensing. This paper develops a method for improving the IWP retrievals for ice-over-water overlapped cloud systems using Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) and Visible and Infrared Scanner (VIRS) data. A combined microwave, visible and infrared algorithm is used to identify overlapped clouds and estimate IWP separately from liquid water path. The retrieval error of IWP is then evaluated by comparing the IWP to that retrieved from single-layer ice clouds surrounding the observed overlapping systems. The major IWP retrieval errors of overlapped clouds are primarily controlled by the errors in estimating the visible optical depth. Optical depths are overestimated by about 10–40% due to the influence of the underlying cloud. For the ice-over-warm-water cloud systems (cloud water temperature Tw > 273 K), the globally averaged IWP retrieval error is about 10%. This cloud type accounts for about 15% of all high-cloud overlapping cases. Ice-over-super-cooled water clouds are the predominant overlapped cloud system, accounting for 55% of the cases. Their global averaged error is 17.2%. The largest IWP retrieval error results when ice clouds occur over extremely super-cooled water clouds (Tw 6 255 K). Overall, roughly 33% of the VIRS IWP retrievals are overestimated due to the effects of the liquid water clouds beneath the cirrus clouds. To improve the accuracy of the IWP retrievals, correction models are developed and applied to all three types of overlapped clouds. The preliminary results indicate that the correction models reduce part of the retrieval error.     

Common problems in automatic digitization of strong motion accelerograms

Common problems encountered in automatic digitization of strong motion accelerograms, recorded on film, are presented and discussed. These include synchronization of the time scale for the three components of motion, non-uniform film speed, trace following in case of scratches or trace crossings, distortions from high contrast preprocessing of the scanned image, and trace “rotation” resulting from rotated position of the scanned film record. Procedures for correcting or eliminating these problems are suggested. The image processing hardware has developed so much during the past 20 years, that at present it exceeds the technical requirements for processing strong motion accelerograms. The problems described in this paper result from lack of training of the operators and lack of quality control in the process, which still seems to be esoteric and highly specialized. This situation may have been caused by the low demand by the engineering profession for high quality and large volume of strong motion data.     

厦门市地震遥测台网监测能力检验

通过对厦门台网实测资料的分析,检验了台网的监测能力。认为距中心１００￣１５０ｋｍ发生的大于ＭＬ２．５地震和距中心４５０ｋｍ内（包括台湾东带）发生的大于ＭＬ３．５地震处于该台网有产监测范围内。     

THE FORMULATION OF FIDELITY SCHEMES OF PHYSICAL CONSERVATION LAWS AND IMPROVEMENTS ON A TRADITIONAL SPECTRAL MODEL OF BAROCLINIC PRIMITIVE EQUATIONS FOR NUMERICAL PREDICTION*

In this paper,two formulation theorems of time-difference fidelity schemes for general quadratic and cubic physical conservation laws are respectively constructed and proved,with earlier major conserving time-discretized schemes given as special cases.These two theorems can provide new mathematical basis for solving basic formulation problems of more types of conservative time-discrete fidelity schemes,and even for formulating conservative temporal-spatial discrete fidelity schemes by combining existing instantly conserving space-discretized schemes.Besides.the two theorems can also solve two large categories of problems about linear and nonlinear computational instability.The traditional global spectral-vertical finite-difference semi-implicit model for baroclinic primitive equations is currently used in many countries in the world for operational weather forecast and numerical simulations of general circulation.The present work,however,based on Theorem 2 formulated in this paper,develops and realizes a high-order total energy conserving semi-implicit time-difference fidelity scheme for global spectral-vertical finite-difference model of baroclinic primitive equations.Prior to this,such a basic formulation problem remains unsolved for long,whether in terms of theory or practice.The total energy conserving semi-implicit scheme formulated here is applicable to real data long-term numerical integration.The experiment of thirteen FGGE data 30-day numerical integration indicates that the new type of total energy conserving semi-implicit fidelity scheme can surely modify the systematic deviation of energy and mass conserving of the traditional scheme.It should be particularly noted that,under the experiment conditions of the present work,the systematic errors induced by the violation of physical laws of conservation in the time-discretized process regarding the traditional scheme designs(called type Z errors for short) can contribute up to one-third of the total systematic root-mean-square(RMS) error at the end of second week of the integration and exceed one half of the total amount four weeks afterwards.In contrast,by realizing a total energy conserving semi-implicit fidelity scheme and thereby eliminating corresponding type Z errors,roughly an average of one-fourth of the RMS errors in the traditional forecast cases can be reduced at the end of second week of the integration,and averagely more than one-third reduced at integral time of four weeks afterwards.In addition,experiment results also reveal that,in a sense,the effects of type Z errors are no less great than that of the real topographic forcing of the model.The prospects of the new type of total energy conserving fidelity schemes are very encouraging.     

拟准观测的选取和真误差估值的“分群”现象

以往检验粗差有两类不同的方法,一类是假设检验,另一类是抗差估计。它们虽然有显著不同,但都是以最小二乘残差及其函数为研究对象的。文献［8,9］提出了以真误差为研究对象的拟准检定法。该方法通过附加拟准观测真误差的估值极小的条件,直接求解关于真误差的秩亏方程,然后依据真误差估值的分布特征判别和定位粗差。 　拟准检定法的关键是如何正确的选择拟准观测。本文总结了实践中选择拟准观测的原则和方法。选择拟准观测可采用初选与复选两步来实施。初选时将观测值分为4类：“0”类是按一定规则经过初步判断怀疑含粗差可能性很大的,不宜选为拟准检测;“1”类是依内部可靠性指标衡量,所处位置结构差的观测;“2”类与“0”相反,是依一定指标判断含粗差可能性较小的观测;“3”类是除上述三种特殊情况以外,余下的观测。这四类观测中,“2”类以及“3”类中指标值ui相对较小的部分观测可初选为拟准观测。复选是在初选后计算出真误差估值的基础上,选取真误差估值绝对值较小的为拟准观测。本文指出拟准观测的初选可以不唯一。 　利用许多统计学者曾多次讨论过的一个算例［6,11］,详细介绍了选择拟准观测的过程,并将有关结果与以往的结果进行比较,用拟准检定法一方面排除了4个异常观测的影响,另一方面充分利用了其余观测的信息,结果可能更合理一些。 　拟准观测选择适当时,真误差估值有明显的“分群”现象。结合算例,本文用图表的形式形象地分析了这种有趣的现象。在表中,异常的和正常的真误差估值的量值有显著的分界带,含粗差的或异常观测的真误差明显大于正常的;在图中,异常值“浮”在分布图的上部,而正常值则“沉”在下方。依此特性可直观地判定粗差的位置。