冀北—辽西早白垩世沉积有机质特征与古气候环境演变

本文对冀北—辽西地区早白垩世沉积盆地富有机质沉积岩进行了初步有机地球化学分析研究。结果显示,冀北—辽西沉积盆沉积有机质特征在时间和空间上存在很大差异,代表白垩系早期沉积的滦平盆地大北沟组有机质丰度低,这不仅显示其所代表的沉积相带不利于有机质的聚集,也反映了当时生物不够繁盛;大店子组时期沉积相带发生了变化,有机质类型随着发生了变化,丰度有所增高,但总体上显示环境条件不利于生物的发育和繁盛。到了桥头组和义县组沉积岩有机质丰度大幅升高,表明生物界非常繁盛,古气候环境有利于有机质的大量生成和堆积,总体上反映了温湿的气候条件;但同时也存在较为频繁或交替性寒冷气候波动,具体的古气候环境状态尚需进一步深入研究。     

不同采出程度下石油组分变化特征

利用GHM烃分析仪对水驱模拟实验过程中不同阶段的采出原油进行分析,研究其原油组成的变化规律,探索原油组成与采出程度之间的内在关系。实验表明 :原油的采出程度与采出流体PV数之间具有良好的对应关系;随着采出程度逐渐提高,原油中正构烷烃的碳数范围及主峰碳数逐渐后移,原油的轻 /重比值呈现降低趋势。实验还证明,某些在空间上呈圆柱型、具有规则支链的分子比相近碳数的直链分子更容易被驱出。该项研究对于从微观角度深入探索驱油机理、提高原油采收率具有实际意义。     

Macrozoobenthic community of Fuxian Lake, the deepest lake of southwest China

Located in the Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau in southwest China, Fuxian Lake covers an area of 211 km², with maximum depth of 155 m. It is known to have a unique fauna, including 14 described endemic species. In order to describe the zoobenthic community of the lake more completely, the present study was conducted from August 2002 to August 2003. Altogether 62 benthic taxa, including 22 oligochaetes, 21 molluscs and 18 insects were identified, of which the dominant taxa belonged to Potamothrix, Procladius and Paraprososthenia. The standing stocks of benthos were much higher in the littoral (824 ind/m² in density, 3.72 g/m² in biomass) than in the profundal region (23 ind/m² in density, 0.10 g/m² in biomass). Species richness was greatest in summer and standing stocks were larger in spring and summer than in other seasons. Analyses of functional feeding groups indicated that collector-gatherers and scrapers were predominant in entire lake. Stepwise multiple regression analysis demonstrated that the water depth is the most important factor affecting the distribution of macrozoobenthos.     

Martian water vapor: Mars Express PFS/LW observations

We present the seasonal and geographical variations of the martian water vapor monitored from the Planetary Fourier Spectrometer Long Wavelength Channel aboard the Mars Express spacecraft. Our dataset covers one martian year (end of Mars Year 26, Mars Year 27), but the seasonal coverage is far from complete. The seasonal and latitudinal behavior of the water vapor is globally consistent with previous datasets, Viking Orbiter Mars Atmospheric Water Detectors (MAWD) and Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer (MGS/TES), and with simultaneous results obtained from other Mars Express instruments, OMEGA and SPICAM. However, our absolute water columns are lower and higher by a factor of 1.5 than the values obtained by TES and SPICAM, respectively. In particular, we retrieve a Northern midsummer maximum of 60 pr-μm, lower than the 100-pr-μm observed by TES. The geographical distribution of water exhibits two local maxima at low latitudes, located over Tharsis and Arabia. Global Climate Model (GCM) simulations suggest that these local enhancements are controlled by atmospheric dynamics. During Northern spring, we observe a bulge of water vapor over the seasonal polar cap edge, consistent with the northward transport of water from the retreating seasonal cap to the permanent polar cap. In terms of vertical distribution, we find that the water volume mixing ratio over the large volcanos remains constant with the surface altitude within a factor of two. However, on the whole dataset we find that the water column, normalized to a fixed pressure, is anti-correlated with the surface pressure, indicating a vertical distribution intermediate between control by atmospheric saturation and confinement to a surface layer. This anti-correlation is not reproduced by GCM simulations of the water cycle, which do not include exchange between atmospheric and subsurface water. This situation suggests a possible role for regolith-atmosphere exchange in the martian water cycle.     

绿藻水溶性多糖的研究概况和进展

对近年来绿藻多糖的提纯方法、组成结构及应用的研究进展进行了综述。绿藻多糖的提纯需要经过样品的前处理、提取和精制三个步骤,提取方法包括酸提、酶提、加入钙螯合剂提取、微波及超声波辅助提取。绿藻多糖是水溶性的硫酸化杂多糖。从石莼(Ulva)、浒苔(Enteromorpha)、礁膜(Monostroma)、小球藻(Chlorella)、蕨菜(Bracken)及刚毛藻(Bristles)中提取的多糖的化学组成及结构特征各不相同,而且多糖的化学组成和结构特征受提取方式的影响。绿藻多糖的生物相容性、生物可降解性及抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗凝血、抗炎、免疫调节等多种生物活性使其在食品、医药、化妆品及农业中具有广泛的应用。有关绿藻多糖的精确结构、提纯方法及化学修饰的进一步研究将使绿藻多糖的应用更加广泛。     

Search for spatial variation in the jovian N/N ratio from Cassini/CIRS observations

We have used the spectra obtained by the Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) onboard the Cassini spacecraft to search for latitudinal variation in the ¹⁵N/¹⁴N ratio on Jupiter. We found no variations statistically significant given the observational and model uncertainties. The absence of latitudinal variations demonstrates that ¹⁵NH₃ is not fractionated in Jupiter's atmosphere, and that the measured ¹⁵N/¹⁴N represents Jupiter's global value. Our mean value for the global jovian ¹⁵N/¹⁴N ratio of (2.22±0.52)×10⁻³ agrees with previous measurements made by Fouchet et al. (2000, Icarus 143, 223-243) and Owen et al. (2001, Astrophys. J. 553, L77-L79). We argue that the jovian isotopic ¹⁵N/¹⁴N ratio must represent the solar nitrogen isotopic composition. The solar ¹⁵N/¹⁴N ratio hence significantly differs from the terrestrial value: (¹⁵N/¹⁴N)_⊕=3.68×10⁻³. This supports the proposition that terrestrial nitrogen originates from a nitrogen reservoir isolated from the main nitrogen reservoir in the proto-solar nebula. The origin and carrier of this isolated reservoir are still unknown.     

弹性特征约束下的矿物成分页岩脆性评价方法研究

脆性评价对页岩储层可压裂性评估、设计压裂层段、提升压裂改造效果具有重要意义.但传统基于矿物成分的脆性评价方法将不同矿物成分对脆性指数贡献程度进行平均化, 忽略了不同矿物对岩石脆性影响的差异性.本文采用数字岩石物理实验来标定不同矿物成分对岩石脆性整体特征的影响程度, 定量分析了岩石弹性参数随矿物组分含量的变化关系, 采用基于弹性参数的脆性指数来建立不同矿物成分对页岩脆性的差异性影响关系, 建立不同矿物组分相较于黏土矿物与脆性指数的相对关系及敏感因子, 在弹性参数脆性指数的约束下确定了不同矿物成分在脆性指数中的权重, 提出了基于矿物成分贡献程度自适应变化的脆性评价方法.矿物脆性评价结果与弹性参数脆性评价结果的相关性分析及下寺湾地区岩样脆性评价测试表明, 考虑不同矿物成分的差异性所构建的脆性评价方法更加合理有效.

     

影响土的崩解特性因素初步研究

通过研究土的崩解特性进而指导工程施工,按《岩土工程勘察规范》对土的分类标准,对不同粒级分配的土样即砂土、黏粉、粉黏各选取两个代表性样品进行崩解特性试验,研究得出两点结论：（1）崩解过程开始时崩解速度较快,土样表面细小分散颗粒落入水中,此现象砂粉尤为明显,大量土体脱落,崩解速度极为快速。砂粉粒度程度较大,土的孔隙性和透水性较大,因此崩解速度较快,本次两个试样在近1h内完全崩解。黏粉试样含砂粉和粉黏,崩解速度处于砂粉及粉黏之间。而粉黏试样崩解时间较长,崩解过程较为缓慢,甚至几天都无法崩解;（2）崩解过程并不是一个规律的过程,跟土体的物理特性也有关系,且崩解过程中崩解方式不同,开始主要以粉末状和小碎块状为主,浸水时间较长后开始出现裂隙,随着裂隙的增大,期间伴随粉末状崩落,土体呈块状裂开,过程中不断有气泡逸出,水质浑浊。     

Preservation conditions and the use of sediment pigments as a tool for recent ecological reconstruction in four Northern European estuaries

Down-core sediment pigment concentrations from four Northern European estuaries were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to investigate phytoplankton community structure and preservation conditions over the last ca. 100 years where all sites have experienced different levels of eutrophication. Phytoplankton pigments have been shown to be useful biomarkers for phytoplankton community structure and abundance due to their taxonomic specificity. The pigment concentrations and sediment pigment inventory showed large variation between the four sites. Concentrations ranged from more than 6000 nmol/g OC to less than 100 nmol/g OC and the inventory integrated over the top 10 cm from more than 300 nmol/cm² to less than 30 nmol/cm² for total identified pigments. Good pigment preservation in Mariager Fjord (Denmark) reflected the almost permanently anoxic conditions. Pigments in Laajalahti (Finland) showed peak concentrations around the time of highest nitrogen loading events known from historical and modelled records over the past 100 years. In contrast, poor down-core preservation of pigments (especially carotenoids) was observed in the Ems-Dollard (The Netherlands) and Himmerfjärden (Sweden) estuaries. The Ems-Dollard site is an intertidal mudflat that experiences daily exposure to light and air, which enhances pigment degradation. In Himmerfjärden, resuspension is an important process affecting both the sedimentation rate and degradation properties. The different preservation conditions at the four sites were supported by the differences in two degradation indicators; the ratio of pheopigment-a to chlorophyll-a and total carotenoids to total pigments. Class-specific carotenoid pigments represented the dominant algal groups reported from each site, however, no distinct down-core changes in the pigment composition were observed at any of the four sites. This indicated that changes in plankton community structure on the group level have been limited over this time period or masked by low preservation of pigments.     

雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩中地幔柱型岩浆作用——来自氦、氩同位素的证据

雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩的氦、氩同位素组成分别是：蛇绿岩中变质橄榄岩的^3He/^4He比值为1．104-3．384Ra,平均为2．383Ra;玄武岩的He同位素组成比较均一,^3He/^4He平均值为5．359 Ra;辉绿岩的^3He／^4He比值变化较大,为1—5Ra。由于各岩石样品有不同程度的蚀变,造成放射性成因He的加入,因此大多数样品He同位素组成比低于亏损地幔大洋中脊玄武岩的值(MORB≈8Ra),不能真实反映源区特征。而采自吉定的辉绿岩样品^3He/^4He比值平均高达31．57Ra,与夏威夷发现的热点地幔源区的样品比值接近;分步加热法进一步测试,其高比值的He是在低温区段释放的。这种高^3He/^4He比值He的捕获,表明雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩形成时存在地幔柱型富集地幔岩浆作用。