On the detectability of distant clusters of galaxies

J-magnitude limits (KRON'S J) which have to be reached to detect a cluster of galaxies of given redshift (up to z ≊ 1) and richness class against the background of field galaxies are given.     

Signal detectability of marine electromagnetic methods in the exploration of resistive targets

We compare selected marine electromagnetic methods for sensitivity to the presence of relatively thin resistive targets (e.g., hydrocarbons, gas hydrates, fresh groundwater, etc.). The study includes the conventional controlled‐source electromagnetic method, the recently introduced transient electromagnetic prospecting with vertical electric lines method, and the novel marine circular electric dipole method, which is still in the stage of theoretical development. The comparison is based on general physical considerations, analytical (mainly asymptotic) analysis, and rigorous one‐dimensional and multidimensional forward modelling. It is shown that transient electromagnetic prospecting with vertical electric lines and marine circular electric dipole methods represent an alternative to the conventional controlled‐source electromagnetic method at shallow sea, where the latter becomes less efficient due to the air‐wave phenomenon. Since both former methods are essentially short‐offset time‐domain techniques, they exhibit a much better lateral resolution than the controlled‐source electromagnetic method in both shallow sea and deep sea. The greatest shortcoming of the transient electromagnetic prospecting with vertical electric lines and marine circular electric dipole methods comes from the difficulties in accurately assembling the transmitter antenna within the marine environment. This makes these methods significantly less practical than the controlled‐source electromagnetic method. Consequently, the controlled‐source electromagnetic method remains the leading marine electromagnetic technique in the exploration of large resistive targets in deep sea. However, exploring laterally small targets in deep sea and both small and large targets in shallow sea might require the use of the less practical transient electromagnetic prospecting with vertical electric lines and/or marine circular electric dipole method as a desirable alternative to the controlled‐source electromagnetic method.     

波阻抗反演在煤炭资源勘探中的应用

测井约束波阻抗反演是以测井资料作为约束条件,将反映构造形态的地震资料转化为反映地层岩性特征的波阻抗资料。基于模型的波阻抗反演流程包括5项：测井资料处理,层位解释,子波提取,合成记录制作与层位标定,模型建立与修正。该项技术应用于成庄煤矿和大佛寺井田采区三维地震资料解释,其中预测大佛寺井田4煤层的厚度与实际揭露厚度基本吻合;在成庄煤矿,与常规地震剖面仅有两个同相轴相比,9煤和厚15煤在波阻抗剖面上不仅有清晰的反映,而且T3波与T15波之间有多个层位呈现,其纵向分辨率明显提高;另外该区9煤沿层波阻抗切片与沿层振幅切片相比,前者可准确地划分出煤层厚度变化范围及无煤区。结合测井约束反演方法的特点,对煤炭资源勘探中的相关问题进行了讨论,提出在实际应用中府注意的问题。     

Increasing the effectiveness of electrical resistivity tomography using γ11n configurations

A new array type, i.e., the γ_11n arrays, is introduced in this paper, in which the sequence of the current (C) and potential (P) electrodes is CPCP, and the distance between the last two electrodes is n times the distance between the first two ones and that of the second one and the third one. These arrays are called quasinull arrays because they are—according to their array and behaviour—between the traditional and null arrays. It is shown by numerical modelling that, in detecting small‐effect inhomogeneity, these configurations may be more effective than the traditional ones, including the optimized Stummer configuration. Certain γ_11n configurations—especially the γ₁₁₂, γ_113, and γ₁₁₄—produced better results both in horizontal and vertical resolution investigations. Based on the numerical studies, the γ_11n configurations seem to be very promising in problems where the anomalies are similar to the numerically investigated ones, i.e., they can detect and characterize, e.g., tunnels, caves, cables, tubes, abandoned riverbeds, or discontinuity, in a clay layer with greater efficacy than those of the traditional configurations. γ_11n measurements need less data than traditional configurations; therefore, the time demand of electrical resistivity tomography measurements can be shortened by their use.