Force-directed layout of origin-destination flow maps

This paper introduces a force-directed layout method for creating origin-destination flow maps. Design principles derived from manual cartography and automated graph drawing to increase readability of flow maps and graph layouts are taken into account. The origin-destination flow maps produced with our algorithm show flows with quadratic Bézier curves that reduce flow-on-flow and flow-on-node overlaps, and avoid sharp or irregular bends in flow lines. A survey of expert cartographers found that flow maps created with our automated method are similar in quality to manually produced flow maps.     

WebGIS在土地估价师协会网站中的应用

为实现土地估价师协会的管理智能化及区域内基准地价信息的公开化、透明化,便于公众对现有地价进行更详细地查询,设计并开发了土地估价师协会网站.该网站通过引入业务流技术建立了具备土地估价师协会业务职能的管理系统,并运用WebGIS中的网络地图发布技术实现全区域基准地价图的动态发布与管理.通过在某区域的应用实践表明,该网站实现了该区域土地估价师协会的业务办公自动化及区域地价信息的快速共享.     

基于三维城市模型的路径设计

基于三维城市模型的路径导航方法,是指在三维场景中进行路径的选择并引导视点飞行。其过程如下:首先将三维场景显示到主框架窗口中,并将道路数据读入到计算模块中,然后用户通过选择起始位置和终止位置,自动计算视线方向,以及路径拟合的方式和等高飞行的高度值等,并在道路数据中根据节点信息求解一系列的控制点,最后根据所求得的点序列构建导航所需的实际路径,并进行坐标内插,驱动场景前进,实现动态导航。     

井间地震CT技术在岩溶勘察中的应用

岩溶对于目前的工程建设是一个很大的隐患。本文介绍了井间地震层析成像的原理及工作方法,简要地阐述了地震波的反演理论基础。并利用层析成像反演软件对其在工区里获得的原始数据进行反演处理,对得到不同测线的反演剖面图进行解释。通过这一工程实例的应用效果,说明井间地震CT技术在圈定岩溶勘察中具有较高的精度和可信度,为工程设计提供了可靠的依据。     

Seismic active thrust on cantilever walls with short heel

This note presents an analytical solution of the thrust on retaining walls with short heel, where the seismic action is simulated through the pseudo-static approach. The critical shape of the thrust wedge is assumed to be that minimizing the safety factor against wall sliding. This procedure is also congruent with the original method of Coulomb. The problem is mathematically expressed by a system of two equations, the first cubic and the second quadratic, whose solution converges quickly.     

A simulation experiment for optimal design hyetograph selection

The aim of this work is to assess the accuracy of literature design hyetographs for the evaluation of peak discharges during flood events. Five design hyetographs are examined in a set of simulations, based upon the following steps: (i) an ideal river basin is defined, characterized by a Beta distribution shaped unit hydrograph (UH); (ii) 1000 years of synthetic rainfall are artificially generated; (iii) a discharge time‐series is obtained from the convolution of the rainfall time‐series and the UH, and the reference T‐years flood is computed from this series; (iv) for the same return period T, the parameters of the intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) curve are estimated from the 1000 years of synthetic rainfall; (v) five design hyetographs are determined from the IDF curves and are convolved with the discrete UH to find the corresponding design hydrographs; (vi) the hydrograph peaks are compared with the reference T‐years flood and the advantages and drawbacks of each of the five approaches are evaluated. The rainfall and UH parameters are varied, and the whole procedure is repeated to assess the sensitivity of results to the system configuration. We found that all design hyetographs produce flood peak estimates that are consistently biased in most of the climatic and hydrologic conditions considered. In particular, significant underestimation of the design flood results from the adoption of any rectangular hyetograph used in the context of the rational formula. In contrast, the Chicago hyetograph tends to overestimate peak flows. In two cases it is sufficient to multiply the result by a constant scaling factor to obtain robust and nearly unbiased estimates of the design floods. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On the evaluation of seismic response of structures by nonlinear static methods

In the most recent seismic codes, the assessment of the seismic response of structures may be carried out by comparing the displacement capacity, provided by nonlinear static analysis, with the displacement demand. In many cases the code approach is based on the N2 method proposed by Fajfar, which evaluates the displacement demand by defining, as an intermediate step, a single degree‐of‐freedom (SDOF) system equivalent to the examined structure. Other codes suggest simpler approaches, which do not require equivalent SDOF systems, but they give slightly different estimation of the seismic displacement demand. The paper points out the differences between the methods and suggests an operative approach that provides the same accuracy as the N2 method without requiring the evaluation of an equivalent SDOF system. A wide parametric investigation allows an accurate comparison of the different methods and demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed operative approach. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于WebGIS的城市公厕信息管理服务的研究

结合武汉市公众导厕与管理系统,讨论了公众导厕与管理系统的平台设计和技术路线选择,阐述了地图予处理、JavaScript地图库引用等关键技术,论述了栽图模块和地图位置算法设计。     

Fundamental considerations for the design of non-linear viscous dampers

An Erratum has been published for this article in Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 2000; 29(7):1076. Two interrelated issues related to the design of non-linear viscous dampers are considered in this paper: structural velocities and equivalent viscous damping. As the effectiveness of non-linear viscous dampers is highly dependent on operating velocities, it is important to have reliable estimates of the true velocity in the device. This should be based on the actual relative structural velocity and not the commonly misused spectral pseudo-velocity. This is because if spectral pseudo-velocities (PSV) are used, they are based on design displacements (S_v=ω₀S_d) and are thus fundamentally different from the actual relative structural velocity. This paper examines the difference between these two velocities, and based on an extensive study of historical earthquake motions proposes empirical relations that permit the designer to transform the well-known spectral pseudo-velocity to an actual relative structural velocity for use in design. Non-linear static analysis procedures recommended in current guidelines for the design of structural systems with supplement damping devices are based on converting rate-dependent device properties into equivalent viscous damping properties based on an equivalent energy consumption approach. Owing to the non-linear velocity dependence of supplemental devices, an alternative approach for converting energy dissipation into equivalent viscous damping is advanced in this paper that is based upon power consumption considerations. The concept of a normalized damper capacity (ϵ) is then introduced and a simple design procedure which incorporates power equivalent linear damping based on actual structural velocities is presented. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.