湿地文化旅游开发研究——以齐齐哈尔扎龙湿地为例

湿地是文化诞生的摇篮,是最有力的生产者。多样的文化是湿地可持续发展的重要推动力,旅游作为湿地合理开发利用的方式,将湿地文化作为湿地开发规划的核心,体现了湿地厚重的积淀、独特的魅力。阐述了湿地文化旅游相关概念、开发意义等,并以扎龙湿地为例提出湿地文化旅游开发建议,为湿地资源开发与保护提供新的思路。     

基于全球土地退化零增长监测体系构建的中国沙化土地监测体系及效果评估

土地荒漠化是非常重要的生态环境问题,而科学评价荒漠化治理和零增长目标是否实现的必要前提是具有完善统一的评价体系。为此,联合国防治荒漠化公约（UNCCD）提出了土地退化零增长（LDN）的概念和监测指标。防治土地退化是中国的重要生态目标,中国已开展了多次全国土地荒漠化和沙化监测工作。但是,如何将这些监测结果用于土地退化的评估实践,尚未见报道。因此,本研究针对中国四大沙地,利用3期全国荒漠化和沙化监测数据,与基于UNCCD框架体系下的土地退化零增长（LDN）指标进行对比分析,并基于土地沙化程度变化趋势提出了中国沙化土地退化指标体系（CSLDN）。结果表明：UNCCD所提出的LDN监测指标与中国的荒漠化监测数据总体精度为0.51,中国沙化土地监测指标与LDN指标具有宏观一致性。此外,经本地优化后的CSLDN指标克服了低植被盖度区域LDN对土地退化和恢复的评价不准确的问题,更准确刻画了精细尺度空间内的土地动态变化状况,对土地退化防治意义重大。     

基于植被净初级生产力和水分利用效率的埃塞俄比亚土地退化趋势及驱动因素分析

土地退化对减缓和适应气候变化有重要影响,并威胁到全世界的可持续发展,造成一系列社会、经济和生态问题,是目前全球面临的最大环境挑战之一。基于2001—2020年埃塞俄比亚的归一化植被指数（NDVI）、气象数据及土地覆盖数据,通过CASA模型计算获得植被净初级生产力（NPP）和水分利用效率（WUE）,并使用Sen+MK趋势分析方法得到土地退化及其恢复趋势,同时采用多元逐步回归方法分析了土地退化及恢复的驱动因素。结果表明：2001—2020年,埃塞俄比亚土地退化整体呈现恢复趋势,恢复区域占全国面积的34.51%,主要分布在埃塞俄比亚西部以及索马里州;退化区域仅占全国面积的1.63%,主要分布在首都亚的斯亚贝巴。土地退化及恢复的主要驱动因素是人为与气候共同因素和人为单因素。土地退化的主要因素为人口的快速增长以及城市的扩张,土地恢复则与20年来实施的森林景观恢复以及可持续土地管理措施和政策有关。     

Simulated soil erosion from a semiarid typical steppe watershed using an integrated aeolian and fluvial prediction model

Total soil erosion is a result of both aeolian and fluvial processes, which is particularly true in semiarid regions. However, although physically interrelated, these two processes have conventionally been studied and modelled independently. Recently, a few researchers highlighted the importance and need of considering both processes in concert as well as their interactions, but they did not give specific modelling approaches or algorithms. The objectives of this study were to (1) formulate an integrated aeolian and fluvial prediction (IAFP) model, (2) parameterize the IAFP model for a semiarid steppe watershed located in northeastern China by using literature and historical data and (3) use the model to predict soil erosion in the watershed and assess the sensitivity of predicted erosion to environmental factors such as soil moisture and vegetation coverage. The results indicated that the IAFP model can capture the dynamic interactions between aeolian and fluvial erosion processes. For the study watershed, the model predicted a higher occurrence frequency of fluvial erosion than that of aeolian erosion and showed that these two processes almost equivalently contributed to the average total erosion of 0.07 mm year^?1 across the simulation period. The ‘existing’ vegetation cover can provide an overall good protection of the soils, although the vegetation cover was predicted to play a larger role in a drier than a wetter year as well as in controlling aeolian than fluvial erosion. In addition, soil erosion was predicted to be more sensitive to soil moisture than land coverage. A soil moisture level of 0.23–0.25 was determined to be the probable switch point from aeolian‐to fluvial‐dominant process or vice versa. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Remote sensing and GIS application in the detection of environmental degradation indicators

The main aim of this research is to highlight the environment change indicators during the last 20 years in a representa-tive area of the southern part of Iraq(Basrah Province was taken as a case) to understand the main causes which led to widespread environment degradation phenomena using a 1:250000 mapping scale.Remote sensing and GIS’s software were used to classify Landsat TM in 1990 and Landsat ETM+ in 2003 imagery into five land use and land cover(LULC) classes:vegetation land,sand land,urban area,unused land,and water bodies.Supervised classification and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI),Normalized Difference Build-up Index(NDBI),Normalized Difference Water Index(NDWI),Normalized Difference Salinity In-dex(NDSI),and Topsoil Grain Size Index(GSI) were adopted in this research and used respectively to retrieve its class boundary.The results showed a clear deterioration in vegetative cover(514.9 km2) and an increase of sand dune accumulations(438.6 km2),accounting for 10.1,and 10.6 percent,respectively,of the total study area.In addition,a decrease in the water bodies’ area was de-tected(228.9 km2).Sand area accumulations had increased in the total study area,with an annual increasing expansion rate of(33.7 km2·yr·1) during the thirteen years covered by the study.It is therefore imperative that Iraqi government undertake a series of pru-dent actions now that will enable to be in the best possible position when the current environmental crisis ultimately passes.     

3S村镇退化土地监测与评价系统设计与实现

我国村镇众多却缺乏科学的空间规划设计从而导致土地退化现象严重,迫切需要退化土地监测与评估技术平台的支撑。本文首先基于3S技术构建了退化地监测与评价技术路线,并系统实现了PDA野外采样、空间采样网络设计、退化地监测和评价等功能,然后选取示范区对系统进行了应用测试,结果显示系统运行稳定,具有良好的推广价值。     

北斗卫星导航系统和GPS兼容性评估(英文)

北斗卫星导航系统的信号体制与GPS近似且占用相同的频段,不可避免地带来兼容性问题。从理论上分析兼容性评估的重要参数:频谱分离系数、码跟踪谱灵敏度和等效载噪比衰减,阐述伪随机码码长、导航数据速率和码片速率对兼容性计算的影响,在综合考虑信号兼容评估的运算速度和准确性的基础上,提出改进的GNSS兼容性评估模型。以此兼容性评估模型对北斗卫星导航系统和GPS所有频段进行仿真,仿真分析中考虑北斗卫星导航系统和GPS的具体频率分配、信号体制、发射功率、发射带宽、卫星天线增益、仰角、多普勒偏移、信号在空间传播的衰耗以及接收机参数。通过仿真可以看出,当北斗卫星导航系统满星座运行时,GPS对北斗系统的干扰将大于北斗系统对GPS的干扰。     

氯代有机物的降解研究

对含氯类有机物的降解进行研究,提出,氯代烷烃的降解主要采用双金属体系法;氯代芳香烃的降解多采用光催化氧化法;对于氯代酚类则采用催化臭氧氧化法、超声波降解法等.     

毕威高速公路病害边坡成因机制及稳定性分析

毕威高速K103＋240～580段路基开挖中边坡出现滑坡。从地形地貌、地层岩性、地质构造、气象水文和水文地质方面查明滑坡的区域环境。并勘查滑坡的边界条件、形态特征、结构特征和变形破坏特征。在此基础上,讨论边坡变形破坏的成因机制,对边坡稳定性进行定量与定性评价。并依据这些研究和地质条件提出边坡防治建议。