绵阳市普明街道鹏业小区边坡稳定性分析

通过绵阳市普明街道鹏业小区边坡调查,研究了暴雨对边坡影响、变形破坏的特征和形成条件。研究表明:(1)边坡在暴雨后,北侧边坡形破坏发生明显变形破坏,北段上部墙体滑移开裂;(2)边坡的岩性、结构对滑塌的发育分布起控制作用,暴雨是滑塌的主要诱发因素;(3)计算表明北部边坡现状条件下处于基本稳定状态,在强降雨作用下,会发生大面积的滑移变形破坏。(4)建议对已滑塌地段采取清除损毁墙体后,用钢筋混凝土板墙加格构锚索进行修复,对未滑塌地段采取格构加锚杆进行护面墙体加固处理。     

腈菌唑在茶园土壤中的对映体选择性降解与碳同位素分馏

运用对映体分馏分析(EFA)与单体同位素分析(CSIA)技术研究了三唑类杀菌剂腈菌唑在4种不同种植年限茶园土壤中的对映体选择性降解规律。腈菌唑的降解符合一级反应动力学方程,半衰期为28.4~70.5 d。4种茶园土壤中均表现为(+)腈菌唑优先降解,并均有碳同位素富集,表明发生了显著的微生物降解。腈菌唑在茶园土壤中的降解半衰期和对映体比在50年茶园土中最小,显著低于100年、20年和2年茶园土壤(P<0.05)。降解半衰期与砂粒含量显著相关(P<0.05),对映体选择性与粉粒含量显著相关(P<0.05)。运用Rayleigh方程计算各土壤中腈菌唑的碳同位素富集因子,并建立生物降解评估模型。应用两种方法评估生物降解所得结果与总降解率趋势相同。     

祁连山疏勒河源区冻土退化对土壤微生物生物量碳氮的影响

对青藏高原东北缘祁连山西段疏勒河源区多年冻土区0~50 cm土壤微生物生物量碳氮分布特征及其影响因素进行分析。结果表明:稳定型和极不稳定型多年冻土区0~50 cm土壤中微生物量碳含量范围分别为0.015~0.620 g/kg和0.019~0.411 g/kg,微生物量氮含量范围分别为0.644~12.770 mg/kg和0.207~3.725 mg/kg;土壤微生物量总体呈现出稳定型显著高于极不稳定型多年冻土,表明多年冻土退化（多年冻土由稳定型退化为极不稳定型）对土壤微生物量积累有明显抑制作用。土壤微生物生物量碳占有机碳、微生物生物量氮占全氮的比值在稳定型多年冻土中显著高于极不稳定型,表明多年冻土退化对土壤微生物的矿化能力有明显抑制作用。土壤微生物量及其与土壤养分的比值有显著的剖面变化特征,随土壤深度增加而减小。土壤微生物量碳氮均与土壤温度显著负相关,与地下生物量显著正相关。稳定型多年冻土中,土壤微生物量碳氮与碳氮比正相关、与氧化还原电位负相关;不稳定型多年冻土中,土壤微生物量碳氮与pH正相关。土壤微生物量碳氮与土壤温度和pH在剖面变化上显著相关。逐步回归分析表明驱动微生物生物量碳氮在不同多年冻土类型和土层之间变化的因子是不同的。     

Researches on the Internal Molecular Weight Uniformity of Chitosan Biomaterials

Uniform molecular weight(Mw)chitosan(CS)is highly demanded in medical biomaterial industry.This present article described heterogeneous degradation of CS in aqueous HCl/ethanol solution,in which progress uniform Mw CS was successfully prepared.The Mw distribution of CS was measured by gel permeation chromatography(GPC)analysis.Moreover,the structure and properties of degraded CS were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy(^1H NMR),X-ray diffraction(XRD)and thermogravimetric(TG)analysis.In addition,the biocompatibility of degraded CS was also assessed by hemolysis rate(HR)measurement.The Mw of CS dramatically decreased from 246 KDa to 76 k Da at the initial 30 min,and stabilized at 18 kDa after 24 h.GPC analysis results showed that the degraded CS molecular become homogenization.FT-IR and 1 H NMR analysis confirmed the basic structure of CS molecular backbone was not destroyed during this progress.Besides,the water solubility of CS was not significantly influenced by this reaction.Moreover,the XRD analysis revealed that crystallinity of degraded CS increased from 70.32% to 99.25%with time.The TG analysis showed improved thermal stability of degraded CS.HR measurement demonstrated the degraded CS possessed excellent biocompatibility.This simple and efficient heterogeneous degradation would open up a new route to produce uniform Mw CS.     

Assessment of land degradation in Mediterranean forests and grazing lands using a landscape unit approach and the normalized difference vegetation index

Land managers need sound, evidence-based information about land degradation patterns and about the effectiveness of their management responses. Obtaining such information is particularly difficult in Mediterranean grazing lands and forests, where a long history of anthropogenic pressure, high topographical and climatic variability, and frequent disturbances combine to create a highly diverse and unstable environment.Our study aimed at designing a methodology to provide land managers in three data-scarce drylands in Spain, Greece, and Cyprus with spatially explicit, up-to-date information on the state of their land, the pressures driving land degradation, and the effectiveness of their management efforts using remotely sensed NDVI data. To translate NDVI values into a land degradation assessment, we analysed the variance of the annual average NDVI within different landscape units, which we identified based on land cover, aspect, and slope steepness parameters. After calibrating and validating the land degradation mapping methodology using field observations, we related the obtained land degradation patterns with spatial information about grazing and wildfire, as well as controlled grazing and afforestation practices.Our methodology proved useful to assess land degradation and management measures in dry, semi-natural ecosystems. It also provided insights into the role of landscape in modulating land degradation. Results indicate that grazing is a significant cause of land degradation even in partially abandoned areas; repeated fires have a negative impact; slope steepness increases the land's sensitivity to grazing; north- and east-facing slopes are less sensitive to fire in the long term than south- and west-facing slopes; and the effectiveness of responses to land degradation is substantially affected by land cover and topography.The methodology presented can be used to overcome the lack of spatially explicit information on the state of the land in drylands of the Mediterranean and beyond, or as a basis for more in-depth studies to plan restoration interventions.     

Evolution and changes of permafrost on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during the Late Quaternary

Due to the uplift of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP), the cryosphere gradually developed on the higher mountain summits after the Neocene, becoming widespread during the Late Quaternary. During this time, permafrost on the QTP experienced repeated expansion and degradation. Based on the remains and cross-correlation with other proxy records such as those from glacial landforms, ice-core and paleogeography, the evolution and changes of permafrost and environmental changes on the QTP during the past 150,000 years were deduced and are presented in this paper. At least four obvious cycles of the extensive and intensive development, expansion and decay of permafrost occurred during the periods of 150–130, 80–50, 30–14 and after 10.8 ka B.P.. During the Holocene, fluctuating climatic environments affected the permafrost on the QTP, and the peripheral mountains experienced six periods of discernible permafrost changes:(1) Stable development of permafrost in the early Holocene(10.8 to 8.5–7.0 ka B.P.);(2) Intensive permafrost degradation during the Holocene Megathermal Period(HMP, from 8.5–7.0 to 4.0–3.0 ka B.P.);(3) Permafrost expansion during the early Neoglacial period(ca. 4,000–3,000 to 1,000 a B.P.);(4) Relative degradation during the Medieval Warm Period(MWP, from 1,000 to 500 a B.P.);(5) Expansion of permafrost during the Little Ice Age(LIA, from 500 to 100 a B.P.);(6) Observed and predicted degradation of permafrost during the 20 th and 21 st century. Each period differed greatly in paleoclimate, paleoenvironment, and permafrost distribution, thickness, areal extent, and ground temperatures, as well as in the development of periglacial phenomena. Statistically, closer dating of the onset permafrost formation, more identification of permafrost remains with richer proxy information about paleoenvironment, and more dating information enable higher resolution for paleo-permafrost reconstruction. Based on the scenarios of persistent climate warming of 2.2～2.6 °C in the next 50 years, and in combination of the monitored trends of climate and permafrost changes, and model predictions suggest an accelerated regional degradation of plateau permafrost. Therefore, during the first half of the 21 st century, profound changes in the stability of alpine ecosystems and hydro(geo)logical environments in the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers may occur. The foundation stability of key engineering infrastructures and sustainable economic development in cold regions on the QTP may be affected.     

退化土地的生态重建:社会工程途径

土地退化是全球环境变化的主要表现之一,而且与贫困问题互为因果。中国各地土地退化类型中,分布最广、影响最大的是土地沙漠化和土壤侵蚀,连片贫困人口也就分布于这些地区。在人口增长和自然资源需求增加的压力下,让退化土地自然恢复的思路已不切实际,必须通过社会投入对退化土地进行生态重建。重建要医治引起土地退化的经济和社会病根。还需要发达地区和欠发达地区的共同努力,因而是一种社会工程。其途径包括：从满足人民生存     

青海省气候异常偏暖的成因分析

在全球气候变化的背景下,1998年青海省创下了有气象记录以来最暖的一年。从资料分析得知:全球气候变暖及1998年全球范围内部分地区环流异常,以及近几年来省内干旱、水土流失、土地荒漠化等因素是导致1998年我省异常偏暖气候的主要成因。     

中国南方地区土地退化动态变化及人类活动影响

中国南方典型研究区50 年代和80 年代土地退化的对比分析表明, 近几十年来, 不同人类活动地区土地退化变化呈现出各自不同的特点, 土地退化发展最严重的地区既不是人口密度较小和经济较落后的基岩山区,也不是人口密度大、经济发达和土地开垦程度高的低丘岗地区, 而是人口增长速度较快, 经济不够发达的低山丘陵地区。     

河套地区一次明显降水环流成因分析

利用常规的气象资料,针对河套地区2009年5月的一次明显降水过程,分别从水汽来源、环境场、环流背景、水汽条件和动力条件方面进行了详细的分析。