层序格架约束下沉积、成岩作用对岩石物性的控制：以中东A 油田白垩系Mishrif 组为例

厚层块状碳酸盐岩储层垂向非均质性强,层间产液不均衡。为明确储层和隔夹层形成机理和展布规律,以中东A油田白垩系Mishrif组为例,在层序格架的控制下,研究沉积作用和成岩作用对岩石物性的影响。结果表明：Mishrif组内部发育6个四级层序旋回,海平面升降控制了沉积环境演变,并对早期成岩环境具有重要的影响,根据水体能量和成岩作用性质可分为5种沉积—成岩组合：（1）高能沉积环境+建设性成岩作用,滩体发生非选择性溶蚀作用,大幅提高岩石物性形成优质储层;（2）高能沉积环境+破坏性成岩作用,滩体发生不同程度的胶结作用,降低岩石原始物性形成差储层或物性隔夹层,物性隔夹层隐蔽性强,识别困难,加剧了储层的非均值性;（3）低能沉积环境+建设性成岩作用,潟湖、开阔浅海及滩后发生选择性溶蚀和白云化作用,有效改善岩石物性,主要形成差储层;（4）低能沉积环境+破坏性成岩作用,潮湿气候条件下,潟湖相岩石发生压实作用和胶结作用,层序顶部发育炭质泥岩,形成暴露胶结炭化带。干旱和潮湿气候交替条件下,潟湖相岩石遭受多期风化—淋滤,形成致密胶结的角砾岩;该类沉积—成岩组合通常形成于低位体系域,形成稳定分布隔夹层;（5）低能沉积环境+弱成岩作用,岩石原始物性较差,灰泥含量高,后期未发生明显的成岩改造,多形成岩性隔夹层。Mishrif组在多期层序旋回控制下,沉积—成岩组合不断变化,物性隔夹层主要分布在优质储层内部,厚度较薄,规模较小,分布不稳定;岩性隔夹层与差储层相伴生,不同环境中的岩性隔夹层分布稳定性差异较大,致密胶结带通常分布稳定,将地层划分为不同的开发层系。     

湖相烃源岩中的火山—热液深源物质与油气生成耦合关系研究进展*

陆内湖相烃源岩系是中国含油气盆地广泛发育的一类组分复杂且富含有机质的细粒沉积岩。随着非常规油气资源需求量日益增加,该岩系被作为致密油或页岩油层系受到广泛关注。然而,其极细的粒度增加了精细岩石学、矿物学研究难度,使它长期被简单视为陆源沉积岩。研究发现,该岩系中发育丰富的火山喷发及热液喷流产生的深源物质,并与油气的生成和富集表现出了极强的耦合关系。因此,探索深源物质如何参与烃源岩形成并影响油气生成亟待深入研究。作者详细总结并探讨了国内外近年来关于湖相烃源岩成因以及火山—热液活动带来的深源物质与油气形成关系的现阶段新发现与认识。并结合笔者研究团队基于新疆三塘湖盆地二叠系芦草沟组烃源岩的新发现,采用精细的岩石学、矿物学方法,结合无机和有机地球化学等方法,初步开展了该耦合关系的机理研究。认为火山—热液深源物质参与了烃源岩的沉积与成岩作用,并与正常湖相沉积物共同影响着油气的形成。建议重新认识湖相烃源岩的物质组成,从而拓展陆相生油理论,同时为同类型非常规油气资源勘探开发提供理论指导。     

CFD-DEM耦合模拟中拖曳力模型精度

CFD-DEM耦合方法已广泛应用于岩土流固耦合问题分析,其模拟准确性与其中用于处理颗粒-流体相互作用的拖曳力模型密切相关。为了探究拖曳力模型精度的影响因素,采用CFD-DEM耦合方法建立了水中单颗粒沉降数值模型,模拟中考虑了3种典型拖曳力模型以及多种颗粒尺寸,将模拟得到的最终沉降速度与经验公式预测结果进行对比,分析了不同颗粒雷诺数（Re_p）时3种拖曳力模型（Ergun、Wen和Yu模型,Di Felice模型,Hill和Koch模型）的模拟精度。结果表明,Ergun、Wen和Yu模型以及Di Felice模型的精度均随着Re_p的增大而降低,而Hill和Koch模型的精度随着Re_p的增大出现先升高后降低的趋势：一般情况下,当Re_p≤14以及Re_p>72时,3种拖曳力模型的精度从高到低顺序为Ergun、Wen和Yu模型> Di Felice模型> Hill和Koch模型;而当14< Re_p≤40时,Hill和Koch模型的精度最高,Di Felice模型的精度最低;当40<Re_p≤72时,3种拖曳力模型的精度从高到低顺序为Ergun、Wen和Yu模型>Hill和Koch模型>Di Felice模型。     

Multi‐basin depositional framework for moisture‐balance reconstruction during the last 1300 years at Lake Bogoria,central Kenya Rift Valley

Multi‐proxy analysis of sediment cores from five key locations in hypersaline, alkaline Lake Bogoria (central Kenya Rift Valley) has allowed reconstruction of its history of depositional and hydrological change during the past 1300 years. Analyses including organic matter and carbonate content, granulometry, mineralogical composition, charcoal counting and high‐resolution scanning of magnetic susceptibility and elemental geochemistry resulted in a detailed sedimentological and compositional characterization of lacustrine deposits in the three lake basins and on the two sills separating them. These palaeolimnological data were supplemented with information on present‐day sedimentation conditions based on seasonal sampling of settling particles and on measurement of physicochemical profiles through the water column. A new age model based on ²¹⁰Pb, ¹³⁷Cs and ¹⁴C dating captures the sediment chronology of this hydrochemically complex and geothermally fed lake. An extensive set of chronological tie points between the equivalent high‐resolution proxy time series of the five sediment sequences allowed transfer of radiometric dates between the basins, enabling interbasin comparison of sedimentation dynamics through time. The resulting reconstruction demonstrates considerable moisture‐balance variability through time, reflecting regional hydroclimate dynamics over the past 1300 years. Between ca 690 and 950 AD , the central and southern basins of Lake Bogoria were reduced to shallow and separated brine pools. In the former, occasional near‐complete desiccation triggered massive trona precipitation. Between ca 950 and 1100 AD , slightly higher water levels allowed the build‐up of high pCO ₂ leading to precipitation of nahcolite still under strongly evaporative conditions. Lake Bogoria experienced a pronounced highstand between ca 1100 and 1350 AD , only to recede again afterwards. For a substantial part of the time between ca 1350 and 1800 AD , the northern basin was probably disconnected from the united central and southern basins. Throughout the last two centuries, lake level has been relatively high compared to the rest of the past millennium. Evidence for increased terrestrial sediment supply in recent decades, due to anthropogenic soil erosion in the wider Bogoria catchment, is a reason for concern about possible adverse impacts on the unique ecosystem of Lake Bogoria.     

粒子间势力对单分散稳定系统粒子沉降的影响

粒子间势力的存在,对于悬浮粒子系统的沉降过程的影响,是一个尚未很好解决的问题,其中的一个关键难题是粒子间势的问题。本文对以往围绕此问题的研究工作——包括模型方法和采用势的近似表达式的直接计算方法做了分析,进而提出了对稳定系统中粒子间势力的处理方法,计算了势力对单分散系统沉降系数的影响,并与实验做了比较。结果表明,文中提出的处理方法能够成立,较之以往的方法更为完善。     

多分散低Peclet数稳定具势系统中粒子的沉降

特殊函数展开法被用于解决多分散具势悬浮体系中粒子的沉降问题。以Legendre多项式为基对对分布函数做展开,导出了计算对分布函数的递推公式,形式上给出了沉降系数的积分公式。文献[9]对粒子间势的处理方法被用于问题的进一步研究。结果表明,具势粒子系统的沉降较硬粒子情况更为复杂。粒子间势对粒子的沉降有重要影响,当双电荷层厚度小于某一临界值时,系统会从稳定的变成不稳定的,从阻滞沉降转化成加速沉降。     

RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION: RESEARCH NEEDS AND REFOCUSING PERSPECTIVES

IINTRODUCTIONReservoirsedimentationisannuallydecreasingconstT[lctedworldwidewaterstoragebyanestimatedonepercent(Mahmood,1987).Lossesinaridregionsaredoubled,reducingtheaverageusefulreservoirlifeto20-30years(Bruk,1996).Atthisrateofstorageloss,hydroelectricityasanenergysourcecanhardlybecalledrenewable(Nordin,1993).Reservoirsaregenerallyfillingwithsedimentmorerapidlythananticipated.Forexample,datafromindiaindicatethataCtllalsedimentdeliveryishigherthanpredictedin24of27reservoirs,rangingfro…     

ONE D AND TWO D COMBINED MODEL FOR ESTUARY SEDIMENTATION

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Impact of Mussel Culture on Macrobenthic Community Structure in Saldanha Bay, South Africa

The impact of raft mussel-culture in Saldanha Bay, South Africa on macrobenthic community structure (abundance and biomass) was studied. Sampling was conducted in January between 1993 and 1996 to assess: (1) the composition of macrobenthos below rafts relative to outside the farm; (2) effects of raft position and age within the farm; and (3) recovery rate of benthos after raft removal. Analyses included ABC plots, hierarchical clustering and species diversity indices. Disturbed communities were found under 78% of raft sites sampled. The level of disturbance (Warwick Statistics) and the dominant opportunistic species (Bray–Curtis Similarities) changed from year to year, polychaetes and scavenging gastropods being most common. The degree of disturbance appeared related to raft sites positioned in the middle of the farm rather than raft age. Whereas ABC plots and hierarchical cluster analyses best identified the disturbance of benthic communities, diversity indices detected marginal recovery four years after raft removal. Although deposit feeders dominated all sites, suspension feeders increased in number and biomass at reference sites. This study presented a “yes/no” scenario that will be addressed in subsequent research in the modelling of culture ecosystems.     

河流相砂泥岩薄互层地震反射特征研究

A sedimentary geological model is established in order to study the seismic reflection characteristics of channel sand bodies. Synthetic seismic shot gathers are simulated using the acoustic wave equation and then are prestack time migrated. On the imaged data, the reflection characteristics and instantaneous attributes are analyzed and log-constrained impedance inversion is tested. Because of wave field interference, the experimental results show that seismic events do not definitely correspond to the channel sand bodies and that seismic modes of occurrence do not represent the actual ones. The seismic events formed by wave interference may lead to errors and pitfalls in sand body interpretation. The corresponding relations between instantaneous seismic attributes and sedimentary sands are not well established. Log-constrained impedance inversion improves the resolution of channel sands. However, if the inverted resolution is forced to be too high, artifacts related to the initial model may occur.