Challenges of hydrological analysis for water resource development in semi-arid mountainous regions: case study in Iran

Abstract

This study modified the BTOPMC (Block-wise TOPMODEL with the Muskingum-Cunge routing method) distributed hydrological model to make it applicable to semi-arid regions by introducing an adjustment coefficient for infiltration capacity of the soil surface, and then applied it to two catchments above the dams in the Karun River basin, located in semi-arid mountain ranges in Iran. The application results indicated that the introduced modification improved the model performance for simulating flood peaks generated by infiltration excess overland runoff at a daily time scale. The modified BTOPMC was found to fulfil the need to reproduce important signatures of basin hydrology for water resource development, such as annual runoff, seasonal runoff, low flows and flood flows. However, it was also very clear that effective model use was significantly constrained by the scarcity of ground-gauged precipitation data. Considerable efforts to improve the precipitation data acquisition should precede water resource development planning.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis     

苏州老城区衰退邻里居住满意度及影响因素

转型时期中国社会经济经历了巨大转型,居住分异加剧,新城市贫困现象在特定人群和空间集聚,老城衰退邻里就是其中之一。通过对苏州老城区6个典型社区的调查,发现老城区居民居住满意度存在环境类型、空间类型、更新类型和人群分异。居住满意度主要受住房条件、社区环境、配套设施和社会网络影响,其中城市历史社会空间结构奠定了城市环境质量的总体格局,具体设施条件受建成时间、维护水平、人口密度和更新机会的影响;城市更新、原住民比例下降和外来人口迁入导致的人口置换过程破坏了原本良好的社会网络,降低了居住满意度,减少了脱贫机会。从微观社区尺度研究老城衰退邻里的居住满意度及影响因素,不仅能加深对新城市贫困现象的理解,也有利于未来有针对性地制定城市更新规划和扶贫策略。     

Modelling hydrological conditions in the maritime forest region of south‐western Nova Scotia

Hydrological processes and conditions were quantified for the Mersey River Basin (two basins: one exiting below Mill Falls, and one exiting below George Lake), the Roger's Brook Basin, Moosepit Brook, and for other selected locations at and near Kejimkujik National Park in Nova Scotia, Canada, from 1967 to 1990. Addressed variables included precipitation (rain, snow, fog), air temperature, stream discharge, snowpack accumulations, throughfall, soil and subsoil moisture, soil temperature and soil frost, at a monthly resolution. It was found that monthly per hectare stream discharge was essentially independent of catchment area from <20 km² to more than 1000 km². The forest hydrology model ForHyM2 was used to simulate monthly rates of stream discharge, throughfall and snowpack water equivalents for mature forest conditions. These simulations were in good agreement with the historical records once the contributions of fog and mist to the area‐wide water budget were taken into account, each on a monthly basis. The resulting simulations establish a hydrologically consistent, continuous, comprehensive and partially verified record for basin‐wide outcomes for all major hydrological processes and conditions, be these related to stream discharge, soil moisture, soil temperature, snowpack accumulations, soil frost, throughfall, interception and soil percolation. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

山地温性积雪内液体水含量的测定方法

通过在北欧ＡｕｓｔｒｅＯｋｓｔｉｎｄｂｒｅｅｎ冰川积雪内的实际测定结果,证明野外测量积雪内液体水含量的新方法－酒精量热法是可行和适用的,解决了过去测定积雪内液体水含量时遇到困难。５个雪坑剖面的测定结果清楚地显示雪内液体水含量的区带性和随高度的变化,积雪内液体水含量的垂直变化与雪层中物理结构,温度和密度的分布有关。     

气候突变与古文明衰落

世界不同地区的古代文明在其发展过程中大多经历过衰落,其原因一直是人们关注的焦点。近几十年来,随着测年精度的提高、全新世较高分辨率气候变化研究的进展、古代文明衰落时间的相对精确考证以及对全新世气侯突变现象认识的不断深入,气候突变在古代文明衰落过程中的作用越来越受到学术界的重视。介绍了目前古代文明衰落的气候因素作用研究的进展,包括人们对气候突变、全新世气候变化以及气候突变在文明衰落中的作用的认识。深入了解气候突变与古代文明衰落之间的关系,不仅有助于理解这些古代文明衰落的原因,而且也将为人类对未来气候突变的适应提供有益的借鉴。      

浑善达克沙地榆树种群结构、格局及动态研究

以浑善达克沙地榆疏林为研究对象,研究了沙地榆疏林种群结构、分布格局与动态特征。结果显示：①丘间低地沙地榆种群呈衰退型种群。固定沙丘沙地榆种群呈增长型种群;②沙地榆种群总体分布格局呈聚集分布,都随着尺度的增大,聚集强度呈减小的趋势;③种群空间分布动态分析表明,丘间低地沙地榆种群,幼、中树随着立木级增大其聚集强度逐渐减弱,大树则在5 m×5 m尺度上呈现出随机分布;固定沙丘沙地榆种群,小、中树随着立木级的增大其聚集强度呈现逐渐增强的趋势,而大树则在10 m×10 m的尺度上呈现出随机分布。物种分布格局主要与物种本身的生物生态学特性和生境有关,育林作业面积应不低于25 m²。     

机械防沙体系防沙功能的衰退过程

作为一种十分有效的防治流沙的方法,机械防沙体系在防止风沙前移显示出很大的优越性,其目的就是要把流沙滞留在体系内,体系在发挥其功能的同时也是逐步丧失其功能的过程。在平坦地形条件下,草方格沙障积沙是从前沿向纵深发展的。在复杂地形地貌条件下,流沙的堆积具有不平衡性,且积沙形式多样。无论积沙形式如何,都有整体向前推进的趋势。阻沙栅栏的积沙形式因材料及孔隙度的大小而异,阻沙栅栏在初期时,可以拦截较多的沙量（75%）,草方格固沙带只承担25%的积沙量,随着时间推移,阻沙栅栏的效益逐渐降低,草方格固沙带则要承担较多的积沙量。从阻滞的沙量来看,一道栅栏阻拦的沙量至少等于40行草方格滞留的沙量,在工程实践中应优先考虑栅栏的应用。     

利用NOAA／AVHRR影像资料估算积雪量的方法探讨

结合实际考察的各种资料数据,在我们以往研究的理论技术、估算用数学模型和应用程序的基础上,提出和论述了估算航卫遥感影像信息中积雪量的整套计算机分析流程和处理新方法,并在技术措施和适用性上,进一步进行了验证、增补和修改。在时间上对不同年份而在同一季节时期局部地区的遥感积雪资料进行相对量的结果分析和比较,给出了一些实际数据图表。     

东南极内陆地区和乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川表层雪内NO^—3沉积后过程差异

酸性气体成分（如ＮＯ－３）的强挥发性导致其在雪面沉降后,具有沉积后气／雪交换作用,即其在表层雪内是“可逆”沉降的。通过比较东南极内陆雪坑的ＮＯ－３剖面和乌鲁木齐河源１号冰川表层雪内ＮＯ－３的浓度变化,认为沉积后气／雪交换作用在东南极内陆较显著,而在乌鲁木齐河源１号冰川则不然。表层雪内ＮＯ－３存在方式的不同和沉降机制的差异应是导致两地ＮＯ－３沉积后过程差异的原因所在。     

Bulk density optimization to determine subsurface hydraulic properties in Rocky Mountain catchments using the GEOtop model

Integrated watershed models can be used to calculate streamflow generation in snow‐dominated mountainous catchments. Parameterization of water flow is often complicated by the lack of information on subsurface hydraulic properties. In this study, bulk density optimization was used to determine hydraulic parameters for the upper and lower regolith in the GEOtop model. The methodology was tested in two small catchments in the Dry Creek Watershed in Idaho and the Libby Creek Watershed in Wyoming. Modelling efficiencies for profile‐average soil–water content for the two catchments were between 0.52 and 0.64. Modelling efficiencies for stream discharge (cumulative stream discharge) were 0.45 (0.91) and 0.54 (0.94) for the Idaho and Wyoming catchments, respectively. The calculated hydraulic properties suggest that lateral flow across the upper–lower regolith interface is an important driver of streamflow in both the Idaho and Wyoming watersheds. The overall calibration procedure is computationally efficient because only two bulk density values are optimized. The two‐parameter calibration procedure was complicated by uncertainty in hydraulic conductivity anisotropy. Different upper regolith hydraulic conductivity anisotropy factors had to be tested in order to describe streamflow in both catchments.