空中目标探测系统信号处理增益分析

针对利用全球导航卫星反射信号(GNSS-R)进行空中目标探测时,信号微弱无法可靠接收的问题,该文提出了一种计算信号处理增益的方法。通过合理设置信号处理算法参数,保证了对微弱信号的后续处理。首先对GNSS-R信号接收链路进行了分析,计算得到了当目标的雷达散射截面(RCS)变化时对应的目标回波功率范围;然后对空中目标上升、平飞和下降三种飞行状态双基地雷达系统几何模型进行了研究,给出了3种飞行状态下对应的有效探测时间,为接收机后续相干/非相干累加算法的处理时间提供阈值限制;最后在阈值范围内,选定合适相关时间,分析了经过相干/非相干累加处理后的反射信号输出信噪比范围。结果表明:在有效探测时间的限制下,相关处理时间取0.6s时,处理后的信噪比在10dB左右,满足一般码跟踪环所需的门限要求,可以保证接收机后续数据处理的顺利进行。     

环渤海区域再分析资料地面风速场的适用性对比分析

利用环渤海区域的气象站资料和NCEP/NCAR、NCEP/DOE、CFSR、ERA Interim、JRA-55共5种再分析资料,讨论了再分析资料近地面10 m平均风速场在环渤海区域的适用性问题。结果表明：JRA资料与观测站的相关系数最大,ERA资料与23站均方根误差的平均最小;再分析资料与气象站观测资料的相关系数在山东半岛和辽东半岛高于其他地区、冬半年大于夏半年。环渤海区域地面10 m平均风速场JRA和ERA两套资料的适用性较好。由于ERA-Interim的水平分辨率更高,所以在强风过程分析中确定使用ERA Interim再分析资料。     

Estimated travel time for walking trails in natural areas

An increase in walking or hiking activities in natural areas requires improvements in information and advice about trails, including their difficulty, available services and estimated travel time. Comparative studies show remarkable differences between measured and calculated travel times obtained by available predictive procedures (Naismith’s rule, Tobler’s hiking function or MIDE). A new procedure has been designed by combining pre-existing methods (Tobler’s and MIDE), and travel times have been calculated for 21 trails located in different protected natural areas of Spain. Times obtained are compared with travel times measured by individual users and uploaded into specialized walking-hiking websites (Wikiloc). Results show that the new procedure (Modified Tobler) reduces differences between calculated and measured travel times, which makes it suitable not only for trail managers to estimate travel times but also as a key part of pedestrian transport analysis in trail networks.     

Comparing Measures of Accessibility to Urban Supermarkets for Transit and Auto Users

Research on access to healthy foods often emphasizes the spatial proximity of residents to food stores like supermarkets as a way to gauge overall accessibility. Much of the literature has focused on locating the closest facility, assuming that access to one food store is sufficient. Given evidence that access to multiple healthy food stores can improve diets, however, this article examines how closest facility measures differ from cumulative opportunity accessibility measures across space in a medium-sized U.S. city. Differences in access between automobile and transit riders, using realistic travel time costs, are also considered. Results demonstrate that the two types of accessibility measures produce different accessibility geographies and that there are disparities in access for those dependent on transit. These findings indicate that researchers should carefully consider whether access to one supermarket opportunity is enough and pay special attention to the mode residents rely on to access food.     

城市轨道交通对土地利用变化的时空效应

定量分析轨道交通对城市内部精细土地利用复杂变化影响的时空效应,对于预测未来新建站点对土地利用的影响以及规划方案的调整与优化具有重要的指导意义。本文提出结合历史高分遥感影像与POI数据获取多时间节点精细土地利用信息的方法,并以广州市二号和八号地铁线为例,结合逐步回归模型与站点用地功能分类,从时间和空间两个维度定量研究地铁对土地利用转变的复杂影响过程与空间差异规律。结果表明,轨道交通促使站点周边低密度居住用地向商业用地、高密度居住用地等高效益土地利用方式的转变;轨道交通在规划、建设、运营不同阶段对于周边土地利用的影响呈现显著的差异规律;地铁站点对土地利用变化影响规律具有明显的空间异质性特征,与站点在城市里的位置以及站点周边的土地利用有关,对城市中心区域的影响较小,对郊区的影响主要与可用的非建设用地面积相关,而工业用地对土地利用变化具有限制作用;轨道交通还带来用地功能和性质的转变,这样的转变大多发生在地铁站点开通运营的时间点。     

居民日常活动对扒窃警情时空格局的影响

扒窃现象与居民的日常活动有较强的关系,已有文献研究了不同活动场所对扒窃的影响,但鲜有考虑不同类型居民活动出行量及其场所对扒窃影响的时间差异。本文基于日常活动理论,以南方某大城市为例,以派出所为分析单元,利用居民入户调查问卷、兴趣点（Point of Interest, POI）、扒窃报警数据,检验不同类型活动出行量与扒窃的时间相关性,并划分时间段,建立多个空间滞后负二项回归模型分析不同时段居民日常活动对应场所与扒窃的关系。研究发现,扒窃警情存在明显的时空集聚性,其中,凌晨和早上的集聚性最强,白天和晚上相对较弱;不同类型的日常活动对扒窃时空格局的作用存在差异。买菜活动出行量与扒窃的时间变化存在正相关关系,买菜场所在凌晨和早上容易吸引扒窃者;购物活动与扒窃亦存在较强的时间正相关,白天和晚上在购物场所附近被盗的风险较高;外出吃饭的出行量与扒窃行为无直接关系,但在凌晨和早上餐馆周边容易吸引扒窃者;娱乐活动与扒窃同样存在较强的时间正相关,不同类型的娱乐场所对扒窃的影响存在差异,电影院、酒吧在大部分时间段均会吸引犯罪者,凌晨时段KTV附近区域的被盗风险较高。场所对扒窃的影响主要与犯罪机会吸引（犯罪目标的丰富性、暴露性）及场所自身属性有关（是否为犯罪者的集聚地）。文中最后对时间地理学和犯罪地理学结合的可能性、研究的应用意义等方面进行了探讨。     

黄土高原草地和农田生态系统碳滞留时间及固碳潜力

采用概率反演分析法估算黄土高原草地和农田生态系统各碳库滞留时间及固碳潜力。结果表明:除农田植物地上部分外,植物地上部分、地下部分、代谢性凋落物及土壤活性有机碳库滞留时间最短,为25~203d;惰性凋落物碳库滞留时间为2.4~3a;慢性有机碳库和惰性有机碳库滞留时间最长,分别为57.4~79.6a和593~598a。多年生草地的根系滞留时间显著高于农田;而农田代谢性凋落物碳库和慢性有机碳库的滞留时间显著高于草地。根据反演所得参数模拟,在当前气候和土壤条件下,农田和草地系统土壤有机碳在250a左右时达稳定状态,农田系统固碳潜力约为2 680g C·m^-2,草地约为3 130g C·m^-2。农田有机肥的输入能使土壤有机碳多固定4 000g C·m^-2。有机肥的输入及土壤有机碳周转缓慢使耕作农田比草地更有利于土壤有机碳积累。     

北京公交就业可达性及其地区和人群差异

运用经济普查、人口普查数据和基于百度地图的公交出行时间数据,分析北京都市区基于公共交通的就业可达性及其在城市不同人群和地区间的差异。结果表明：北京都市区的居民可在60分钟内通过公共交通到达18.3%的都市区工作岗位,这比美国100个最大的都市区的平均就业可达性水平要高,接近于美国纽约都市区的就业可达性水平。同时,由于就业郊区化程度有限和以中心—放射式布局的公交网络,北京都市区内的公交就业可达性存在着巨大的区域差异,中心城区的就业可达性远远高于郊区。此外,人口居住的郊区化程度远远高于就业的郊区化程度,导致北京都市区宏观层面的职住不平衡。随着人口居住郊区化程度的提高,公共交通如何服务居住日益分散的人口,提高就业可达性,是一项巨大的挑战。研究还发现,由于城市中心区的大部分就业为高技术的就业岗位,因此高受教育程度人口能更多地享受目前公共交通系统的便利,而受教育程度低的人口和外来人口公交就业可达性较低。为解决弱势群体所面临的就业可达性的不平等问题,需要更多的规划与政策干预。     

Deriving Mobility Archetypes from Household Travel Survey Data

This article proposes a simple post hoc segmentation approach to revisit Household Travel Survey data and sketch archetypal mobility figures (clusters) that relate to people's daily mobility experiences. Describing the mobility behaviors of the different clusters and the distribution of the population between clusters is a powerful means to draw the mobility landscape of a metropolitan area and make comparisons over time and across places. Furthermore, clusters can be used to contextualize mobility behaviors in a variety of social inquiries and can be complementary to traditional quantitative mobility indicators or qualitative investigations.     

Spatial and temporal variation of vegetation phenology and its response to climate changes in Qaidam Basin from 2000 to 2015

Based on TIMESAT 3.2 platform, MODIS NDVI data (2000–2015) of Qaidam Basin are fitted, and three main phenological parameters are extracted with the method of dynamic threshold, including the start of growth season (SGS), the end of growth season (EGS) and the length of growth season (LGS). The spatial and temporal variation of vegetation phenology and its response to climate changes are analyzed respectively. The conclusions are as follows: (1) SGS is mainly delayed as a whole. Areas delayed are more than the advanced in EGS, and EGS is a little delayed as a whole. LGS is generally shortened. (2) With the altitude rising, SGS is delayed, EGS is advanced, and LGS is shortened and phenophase appears a big variation below 3000 m and above 5000 m. (3) From 2000 to 2015, the temperature appears a slight increase along with a big fluctuation, and the precipitation increases evidently. (4) Response of phenophase to precipitation is not obvious in the low elevation humid regions, where SGS arrives early and EGS delays; while, in the upper part of the mountain regions, SGS delays and EGS advances with temperature rising, SGS arrives early and EGS delays with precipitation increasing.