岷江上游流域DEM的河网提取

DEM中包含了丰富的地质地貌、水文等信息,是流域分析的主要数据来源之一。详细介绍了利用DEM数据提取流域水系信息特征的方法,并以岷江上游为例,对DEM进行预处理,然后采用ArcGIS 9.3软件平台下Hydrology模块提供的D8算法来确定水流离开DEM栅格单元的方向,并计算流向各栅格单元的水流累积量,再根据给定的集...     

Discovery of cryptotephra at Middle–Upper Paleolithic sites Arma Veirana and Riparo Bombrini,Italy: a new link for broader geographic correlations

Chemical characterization of cryptotephra is critical for temporally linking archaeological sites. Here, we describe cryptotephra investigations of two Middle–Upper Paleolithic sites from north-west Italy, Arma Veirana and Riparo Bombrini. Cryptotephra are present as small (<100 µm) rhyolitic glass shards at both sites, with geochemical signatures rare for volcanoes in the Mediterranean region. Two chemically distinct shard populations are present at Arma Veirana (P1 and P2). P1 is a high silica rhyolite (>75 wt.%) with low FeO (<1 wt.%) and a K₂O/Na₂O > 1 and P2 is also a high silica rhyolite (>75 wt.%) but with higher FeO (2.33–2.65 wt.%). Shards at Riparo Bombrini (P3) are of the same composition as P1 shards at Arma Veirana, providing a distinct link between deposits at both sites. Geochemical characteristics suggest three possible sources for P1 and P3: eruptions from Lipari Island (56–37.7 ka) in Italy, the Acigöl volcanic field (200–20 ka) in Turkey and the Miocene Kirka-Phrigian caldera (18 Ma) in Turkey. Eruptions from Lipari Island are the most likely source for P1,3 cryptotephra. This study highlights how cryptotephra can benefit archaeology, by providing a direct link between Arma Veirana and Riparo Bombrini as well as other deposits throughout the Mediterranean.     

Amplification of hydrological model uncertainties in projected climate simulations of the Upper Indus Basin: Does it matter where the water is coming from?

There is a growing appreciation of the uncertainties in the estimation of snow-melt and glacier-melt as a result of climate change in high elevation catchments. Through a detailed examination of three hydrological models in two catchments, and interpretation of results from previous studies, we observed that many variations in estimated streamflow could be explained by the selection of a best parameter set from the possible good model parameters. The importance of understanding changing glacial dynamics is critically important for our study areas in the Upper Indus Basin where Pakistan's policymakers are planning infrastructure to meet the future energy and water needs of hundreds of millions of people downstream. Yet, the effect of climate on glacial runoff and climate on snowmelt runoff is poorly understood. With the HBV model, for example, we estimated glacial melt as between 56% and 89% for the Hunza catchment. When rainfall was a scaled parameter, the models estimated glacial melt as between 20% and 100% of streamflow. These parameter sets produced wildly different projections of future climate for RCP8.5 scenarios in 2046–2075 compared to 1976–2005. Assuming no glacial shrinkage, for one climate projection, we found that the choice among good parameter sets resulted in projected values of future streamflow across a range from +54% to +125%. Parameter selection was the most significant source of uncertainty in the glaciated catchment and amplified climate model uncertainty, whereas climate model choice was more important in the rainfall dominated catchment. Although the study focuses on Pakistan, the overall conclusions are instructive for other similar regions in the world. We suggest that modellers of glaciated catchments should present results from at least the book-ends: models with low sensitivity to ice-melt and models with high sensitivity to ice-melt. This would reduce confusion among decision makers when they are faced with similar contrasting results.     

Near‐isochemical evolution of clay mineral assemblages in differentially buried volcaniclastic sediments,the Late Miocene Upper Red Formation,Iran

The Upper Red Formation (URF) comprises over 1–5 km of late Miocene siliciclastic sediments in the Central Iran Basin. The formation is dominated by volcaniclastic conglomerates and arenites. The prevailing arid conditions during most of the basin's history resulted in deposition of predominantly organic‐poor, red sediments with gypsum and zeolites. This investigation concentrates on the mineralogy and geochemistry of the URF in the southern and northern margins of the basin where the formation was buried to depths of 2.4 and 6.6 km, respectively. Fine fraction mineral separates from the southern margin consist of nearly pure smectite and zeolites at a depth of 400 m and smectite with minor quartz and calcite at 1800 m. Shallow samples (1350 m) from the northern section are rich in smectite, illite/smectite with some discrete illite and chlorite. This assemblage is progressively replaced by discrete illite and chlorite with increasing burial depth so that only these two minerals are found at depths greater than 4300 m. The initial alteration process involved replacement of glass and volcanic lithics by smectite and zeolites in both margins of the basin. Increased depth of burial in the northern margin resulted in the progressive isochemical alteration of smectite to discrete illite and chlorite. Diagenesis of clay assemblages occurred essentially in a closed system. Solute products of glass hydrolysis reactions were retained in highly alkaline, saline ground waters from which zeolites, carbonates and oxides precipitated as cements. It is unlikely that these sediments were ever significantly leached by meteoric waters or by organic acids generated during burial diagenesis. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

云南富宁金坝金矿矿床成因探讨

金坝金矿体赋存于中生代拗陷区的上古生界隆起—金坝短轴背斜核部、北东向多期活动断裂破碎带中,含矿地层为上二叠统凝灰岩,氧化带自然金,为沉积叠加改造卡林型金矿床。     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S167498711200031X

Upper Paleozoic coal measures in the Ordos Basin consist of dark mudstone and coal beds and are important source rocks for gas generation.Gas accumulations include coal-bed methane（CBM）, tight gas and conventional gas in different structural areas.CBM accumulations are mainly distributed in the marginal area of the Ordos Basin,and are estimated at 3.5×10¹² m³.Tight gas accumulations exist in the middle part of the Yishan Slope area,previously regarded as the basin-centered gas system and now considered as stratigraphic lithologic gas reservoirs.This paper reviews the characteristics of tight gas accumulations:poor physical properties(porosity < 8%,permeability < 0.85×10^-3μm²),abnormal pressure and the absence of well-defined gas water contacts.CBM is a self-generation and selfreservoir, while gas derived from coal measures migrates only for a short distance to accumulate in a tight reservoir and is termed near-generation and near-reservoir.Both CBM and tight gas systems require source rocks with a strong gas generation ability that extends together over wide area.However,the producing area of the two systems may be significantly different.     

Late Cretaceous chronostratigraphy （Turonian-Maastrichtian）： SK1 core Songliao Basin, China

Non-marine ostracodes,charophytes and palynomorphs are abundant in most Cretaceous lacustrine basins of East Asia.However,their ranges are not directly integrated with marine biota that defines the Cre...     

An exceptional rocky shore preserved during Oligocene (Late Rupelian) transgression in the Upper Rhine Graben (Mainz Basin,Germany)

The Early Oligocene (Late Rupelian) Alzey Formation (Mainz Basin, Upper Rhine Graben, Germany) records the development of a rocky coast depositional system during transgression. The formation unconformably overlies Permian bedrock across a composite transgressive ravinement surface. Exposure of the surface shows a succession of subplanar bedrock terraces, separated by near‐vertical risers. Terraces show a broad staircase geometry and display wave‐erosional features (notches, sea stacks, furrows). Detailed sedimentological and palaeoecological investigations reveal prograding beachface and shoreface depositional units that overlie terraces and are adjacent to risers. Terraces are interpreted as wave‐cut platforms, backed by palaeocliffs. The staircase architecture records the episodic landward migration of palaeoshorelines onto palaeotopographic highs during the Early Oligocene. Stacking patterns of gravelly beach and shoreface associated units (facies tracts) indicate successive episodes of terrace cutting, beach development, drowning and shoreline backstepping during an overall relative sea‐level rise. The exceptional preservation of the stair‐cased rocky shore may be attributed to a highly jerky rising relative sea‐level, as the result of the conjugated effects of rift‐controlled tectonic subsidence and eustatic sea‐level oscillations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

华南上扬子区中奥陶统十字铺组的岩相与生物相

华南上扬子区中奥陶统十字铺组是跨越达瑞威尔阶中上部到桑比阶底部的一个岩石地层单位,自命名以来,许多学者对其进行过研究报道,但迄今缺乏系统综述。通过查阅大量相关资料并结合野外观察和研究,对十字铺组的岩相和生物相进行了总结:十字铺组以发育一套钙质泥岩夹有少量泥质灰岩并产有丰富的华美正形贝动物群为特色;在靠近古陆的上扬子台地西部,十字铺组的同期地层类型多样,主要为碎屑岩;而向东,在距古陆较远的地区,发育着岩相稳定的碳酸盐岩,以牯牛潭组为主。十字铺组及其同期地层中的腕足类化石,在黔北、黔东北及川西南等地的多样性较高,而向其他方向(更近岸或更远岸)多样性都呈下降的趋势。     

黄河上游干支流交汇区沙坝淤堵形成条件

针对黄河上游干、支流交汇区形成的沙坝淤堵事件,利用野外观测资料,分析了支流高含沙洪水特性及交汇区沙坝淤堵特点,探讨了汇流比(支流流量与干流流量之比)、支流洪水水量、支流洪水沙量等因素对沙坝淤堵形成的影响;根据动量原理建立了交汇区形成沙坝淤堵的判别关系,结合黄河上游干、支流洪水输移特性,得出了基于汇流比与支流洪水水量关系及支流洪水沙量与支流洪水水量关系的沙坝淤堵判别条件。由此,可根据汇流比、支流洪水水量及沙量判断交汇区能否形成沙坝淤堵,可为暴雨洪水期黄河上游交汇区形成沙坝淤堵灾害的预报及防治提供参考。