相关系数稳定性检验及其在水文地质学中的应用

在利用相关分析预报地下水动态变化的过程中,由于忽视了回归方程中相关系数稳定性问题,经常会得到不理想的预报结果。本文在系统地介绍相关系数稳定性检验方法的基础上,通过对甘肃省武威盆地地下水动态变化的预报检验,提出了解决这一问题的办法,即分段截取法。该法使采用相关分析对地下水动态变化做出较高水平的预报成为可能,该法既简单又实用。     

利用遥感进行退耕还林成活率及长势监测方法的研究

本文以张家口退耕还林工程的新造经济林为例,提出了一种利用高分辨率遥感技术监测新造林成活率及长势的方法。主要采用面向对象的信息提取技术提取退耕地新造林的树冠信息。开发了基于树冠分布图的树冠因子提取程序,计算树冠因子,统计造林成活率,从而掌握新造林地的现状。最后,根据实际测量的数据进行误差检验,由遥感数据自动提取的树冠冠幅平均误差为:东西冠幅为0.337m,南北冠幅为0.433m;计算新造林成活率的精度达到了89.837%。为退耕还林工程科学,高效的管理及决策支持提供了依据。     

Throughfall partitioning by trees

Although we know that rainfall interception (the rain caught, stored, and evaporated from aboveground vegetative surfaces and ground litter) is affected by rain and throughfall drop size, what was unknown until now is the relative proportion of each throughfall type (free throughfall, splash throughfall, canopy drip) beneath coniferous and broadleaved trees. Based on a multinational data set of >120 million throughfall drops, we found that the type, number, and volume of throughfall drops are different between coniferous and broadleaved tree species, leaf states, and timing within rain events. Compared with leafed broadleaved trees, conifers had a lower percentage of canopy drip (51% vs. 69% with respect to total throughfall volume) and slightly smaller diameter splash throughfall and canopy drip. Canopy drip from leafless broadleaved trees consisted of fewer and smaller diameter drops (D_{50_DR}, 50th cumulative drop volume percentile for canopy drip, of 2.24 mm) than leafed broadleaved trees (D_{50_DR} of 4.32 mm). Canopy drip was much larger in diameter under woody drip points (D_{50_DR} of 5.92 mm) than leafed broadleaved trees. Based on throughfall volume, the percentage of canopy drip was significantly different between conifers, leafed broadleaved trees, leafless broadleaved trees, and woody surface drip points (p ranged from <0.001 to 0.005). These findings are partly attributable to differences in canopy structure and plant surface characteristics between plant functional types and canopy state (leaf, leafless), among other factors. Hence, our results demonstrating the importance of drop‐size‐dependent partitioning between coniferous and broadleaved tree species could be useful to those requiring more detailed information on throughfall fluxes to the forest floor.     

An improved tree crown delineation method based on live crown ratios from airborne LiDAR data

Individual tree crowns are one of the basic forest inventory data, which can be used in various forest-related studies such as biomass and carbon stock estimation. High-resolution remote-sensing data including airborne LiDAR-derived surfaces have been widely used for delineating tree crowns. This study proposes an improved tree crown delineation algorithm that can be effectively applied to a range of forests with a limited number of parameters considering its operational use with airborne LiDAR data. The proposed algorithm integrates morphological operators, Otsu’s method, marker-controlled watershed segmentation, and the concept of crown ratios. The proposed algorithm was compared with the region growing method, a widely used tree crown delineation algorithm. The two algorithms were evaluated over 10 plots in rugged terrain located in Kangwon Province in South Korea. Results show that the proposed approach produced much better performance (~87% matched on average) for 10 plots with a range of tree densities than the region growing method (~60% matched on average). The proposed algorithm worked better for sparse plots than dense ones. It also worked well for deciduous plots (plots 1 and 4). On the other hand, the region growing method produced relatively low accuracy with many merged crowns, which requires additional postprocessing such as a resplit step.     

Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Principle and application of three-band gradient difference vegetation index

Vegetation index is a simple, effective and experiential measurement of terrestrial vegetation activity, and plays a very important role in qualitative and quantitative remote sensing. Aiming at shortages of current vegetation indices, and starting from the analysis of vegetation spectral characteristics, we put forward a new vegetation index, the three-band gradient difference vegetation index (TGDVI), and established algorithms to inverse crown cover fraction and leaf area index (LAI) from it. Theoretical analysis and model simulation show that TGDVI has high saturation point and the ability to remove the influence of background to some degree, and the explicit functional relation with crown cover fraction and LAI can be established. Moreover, study shows that TGDVI also has the ability to partly remove the influence of thin cloud. Experiment in the Shunyi District, Beijing, China shows that reasonable result can be reached using the vegetation index to retrieve LAI. We also theoretically analyzed the     

Rainfall interception from a lowland tropical rainforest in Brunei

Results from a programme of throughfall measurements in a lowland tropical rainforest in Brunei, northwest Borneo, indicate that interception losses amount to 18% of the gross incident rainfall. The high annual rainfall experienced by the study area results in annual interception losses of around 800 mm, which may result in total annual evapotranspiration losses significantly higher than in other rainforest locations. An improved version of Gash's analytical interception model is tested on the available data using assumed values for the “forest” parameters, and is found to predict interception losses extremely well. The model predictions are based on an estimated evaporation rate during rainfall of 0.71 mm h⁻¹. This is significantly higher than has been reported in other tropical studies. It is concluded that these results are distinctive when compared with previous results from rainforests, and that further, detailed work is required to establish whether the enhanced evaporation rate is due to advective effects associated with the maritime setting of the study area.     

降水量对连古城自然保护区荒漠植被凋落物分解和氮状态的影响

对连古城自然保护区不同降雨梯度(不截留和分别截留30％、50％、80％)下荒漠典型植被土壤无机氮和原位净氮矿化的凋落物分解和养分释放进行了连续的观测分析.结果表明:(1)随着水分输入减少,凋落物的分解速率减小,凋落物分解速率与年降水量正相关.与此相反,净氮矿化与降水量无关.(2)土壤NO3-浓度随着降水输入的增加而显著...     

Surface water input from snowmelt and rain throughfall in western juniper: potential impacts of climate change and shifts in semi‐arid vegetation

In the western USA, shifts from snow to rain precipitation regimes and increases in western juniper cover in shrub‐dominated landscapes can alter surface water input via changes in snowmelt and throughfall. To better understand how shifts in both precipitation and semi‐arid vegetation cover alter above‐ground hydrological processes, we assessed how rain interception differs between snow and rain surface water input; how western juniper alters snowpack dynamics; and how these above‐ground processes differ across western juniper, mountain big sagebrush and low sagebrush plant communities. We collected continuous surface water input with four large lysimeters, interspace and below‐canopy snow depth data and conducted periodic snow surveys for two consecutive water years (2013 and 2014). The ratio of interspace to below‐canopy surface water input was greater for snow relative to rain events, averaging 79.4% and 54.8%, respectively. The greater surface water input ratio for snow is in part due to increased deposition of redistributed snow under the canopy. We simulated above‐ground energy and water fluxes in western juniper, low sagebrush and mountain big sagebrush for two 8‐year periods under current and projected mid‐21st century warmer temperatures with the Simultaneous Heat and Water (SHAW) model. Juniper compared with low and mountain sagebrush reduced surface water input by an average of 138 mm or 24% of the total site water budget. Conversely, warming temperatures reduced surface water input by only an average of 14 mm across the three vegetation types. The future (warmer) simulations resulted in earlier snow disappearance and surface water input by 51 and 45 days, respectively, across juniper, low sagebrush and mountain sagebrush. Information from this study can help land managers in the sagebrush steppe understand how both shifts in climate and semi‐arid vegetation will alter fundamental hydrological processes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

半干旱沙地樟子松林降雨再分配特征

森林植被的降雨再分配过程是影响区域水资源利用效率以及生态系统生产力的重要因素.于2018年5—8月观测27 a生樟子松人工林降雨再分配特征,探究降雨再分配的比例变化对林地水分平衡的影响机制,分析、量化林内穿透雨、林冠截留、树干径流、枯落物层入渗部分产生的阈值.结果 表明:樟子松林内穿透雨量占同期降雨量的86.45％,穿...