压力传感器受力的数值模拟分析

由于传感器与周围介质刚度不耦合的原因,埋入式压力传感器所测得读数并不是材料内部真正的受力状态。根据压力传感器的实际结构,采用有限元数值模拟分析方法,计算得出压力传感器的实际受力特征与应力分布规律,提出了压力传感器读数的修正方法,为压力传感器的正确使用提供理论依据和可靠的方法。     

滑坡动态综合治理各阶段的监测信息反馈

滑坡监测是滑坡综合治理中一项必不可少的环节,不同阶段发挥着重要的作用。借助监测,能了解滑坡的实际状况,可以判断其稳定性及所处变形阶段,为滑坡治理初步决策提供科学依据。在治理过程中,实时监测反馈又为设计方案的修改和补充以及现场信息化施工提供可靠资料,为工程质量提供保障,施工结束后的监测数据又视为工程治理效果的直接指示 器。以某古滑坡路段高边坡综合治理中各阶段的监测为例,介绍了不同阶段的监测方法以及所获得的数据信息在滑坡治理中的作用。     

锦屏一级水电站右岸施工期安全监测及围岩稳定性分析

介绍了锦屏一级水电站右岸导流洞的工程地质概况及施工期安全监测成果,对围岩及边坡的变形、应力规律及特征进行了深入的分析,分析结果表明,隧道围岩及边坡处于稳定状态。     

用气象卫星遥感技术监测克拉玛依洪水

利用气象卫星遥感图来监测大降水以及山区水流的分布、洪水形成的大小及流向 ,是利用气象现代化技术监测灾害性天气的一个有效方法。     

广域差分GPS系统完备性监测

广域差分 GPS系统完备性监测技术是广域差分的关键和核心。本文全面介绍了完备性监测技术的定义 ,完备性监测系统的构成 ,以及各个部分的监测方法 ,包括监测站和用户站的监测技术 ,最后给出了完备性监测的一般步骤。     

Chemical characteristics of the crater lakes of Popocatetetl, El Chichon, and Nevado de Toluca volcanoes, Mexico

Three crater lakes from Mexican volcanoes were sampled and analyzed at various dates to determine their chemical characteristics. Strong differences were observed in the chemistry among the three lakes: Nevado de Toluca, considered as dormant, El Chichón at a post-eruptive stage, and Popocatépetl at a pre-eruptive stage. Not surprisingly, no influence of volcanic activity was found at the Nevado de Toluca volcano, while the other volcanoes showed a correlation between the changing level of activity and the evolution of chemical trends. Low pHs (<3.0) were measured in the water from the active volcanoes, while a pH of 5.6 was measured at the Nevado de Toluca Sun lake. Changes with time were observed at Popocatépetl and El Chichón. Concentrations of volcanic-gas derived species like Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻ and F⁻ decreased irregularly at El Chichón from 1983 until 1997. Major cations concentrations also diminished at El Chichón. A 100% increase in the SO₄²⁻ content was measured at Popocatépetl between 1985 and 1994. An increase in the Mg/Cl ratio between 1992 (Mg/Cl=0.085) and 1994 (Mg/Cl=0.177) was observed at Popocatépetl, before the disappearance of the crater lake in 1994. It is concluded that chemical analysis of crater lakes may provide a useful additional tool for active-volcano monitoring.     

Sensitivity test of the geodetic network in Las Cañadas Caldera, Tenerife, for volcano monitoring

A 17-benchmark geodetic network in the volcanic area of the Teide Caldera, Canary Islands has been utilised several times since 1982 to detect crustal movements associated with volcanic activity within the network, as well as a procedure for solving configuration problems. The network is located on the mid-western side of the Caldera, where there are two different morphological zones that both have benchmarks. The authors performed a sensitivity test of this geodetic network for volcano monitoring purposes. To do so, we use a deformation model to calculate surface displacement caused by a dike intrusion in a homogenous half space. The depth and location of dike are changed to study the variation of the effects produced (displacements). The size and location of the intruded dike are found to play a major role in determining both the displacement pattern and magnitude. When the dike is close to the surface, there is an inversion of the surface displacement pattern and very large surface displacement at certain benchmarks. Such phenomena can serve as precursors of such dike eruptions. Our study show a clear need to extend the existing geodetic network to cover the full island for volcano monitoring purposes.     

国际地面沉降研究综述

文章在介绍国际地面沉降会议历史及２０００年第六届国际地面沉隆会议简况的基础上,并根据２０００年第六届国际地面沉降会议论文,对国际地面沉降研究进展情况分成如下六个方面进行了综述。地面沉降地质因素介绍了古代地面沉降、泥炭层沉降、地震砂土液化地面沉降和海平面上升研究状况。地下流体运移地面沉降方面介绍了以地下水开采为主的地面沉降问题及地面塌陷、天然气开采引起的地面沉降、均匀沉降对建筑结构的破坏和欠固结石英     

大口径竖井式基岩水准标设计与施工

基岩标是地面变形监测、高程控制测量的重要基准设施,文章介绍大口径竖井式基岩标的设计原理与施工技术。     

中国湖泊分布与变化：全国尺度遥感监测研究进展与新编目

湖泊提供重要的生产生活用水,在维系生态安全方面发挥显著的价值。中国地理环境复杂多样,湖泊类型各异,不同湖区间的湖泊时空变化特征及驱动机制复杂。两次全国湖泊调查是国家尺度的湖泊变化监测的开创性工作,近年来伴随遥感数据源的海量积累和湖泊遥感提取方法的快速发展,大尺度湖泊水体变化遥感监测研究取得了长足的发展。然而,由于人工判读、湖泊类型判别依据和遥感数据源时相的差异,湖泊水体遥感提取结果及面积估算存在不同程度的出入。首先,本文总结了现有全国尺度湖泊监测研究的遥感数据源、方法和结果,分析了不同研究分析结果差异的可能原因。其次,本文基于1980s—2010s时段Landsat影像制图的湖泊水淹频率数据集的最大水域范围信息,提取并生成了全国湖泊新编目,以其作为该时段内湖泊判定和水体变化监测空间约束的统一参照,避免了因遥感数据时相与年际、年内湖泊水域范围波动对遥感提取结果及湖泊面积计算带来的差异。最后,本文从湖泊水淹范围频度的统计角度,初次提出了可体现湖泊面积年内与年际变化情况的统计指标——概率等效面积,用于监测和指示湖泊水域动态。结果表明,近30年来,中国有3741个最大水域范围大于1 km²的湖泊,总面积约93723 km²,其中青藏高原湖区的湖泊数量约占全国三分之一,总面积超过了全国的一半。全国湖泊总面积呈显著上升趋势,不同湖区的变化趋势差异明显:青藏高原湖区和新疆湖区湖泊面积显著上升,东部平原湖区、内蒙古高原湖区和云贵高原湖区显著下降,东北平原与山地湖区波动式变化、趋势不显著。研究结果总体表明中国湖泊水资源的时空不平衡状况在加剧。