关于涡相关海气通量计算的资料处理技术

针对海气通量观测中存在的气流扰动等非湍流信号影响风速脉动进而导致涡相关通量计算失真的问题,借用惯性耗散法的思想进行了资料处理技术的改进性研究.以湍流惯性耗散的-5/3密率分布为依据,获得了一种滤除非湍流信号的新途径.以动量通量的计算为例,从对实测风速数据的处理情况来看,其结果与经验公式所得吻合得非常好.相比于通常的通量计算软件来说,该资料处理技术能极大地降低非湍流信号的影响并由此得出更为可靠的通量结果.从而,此技术可以用于新通量算法软件的研究和开发.     

基于茎干液流法和涡度相关法的小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)群落蒸散特征

运用Dynamax茎流测量系统、涡度相关系统、气象-土壤环境观测系统进行连续观测,利用基径横截面积对单枝茎干液流进行尺度扩展,得到科尔沁沙地小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)群落蒸腾量(T),并与涡度相关系统观测的蒸散发量(ET)进行对比,详细分析了小叶锦鸡儿群落T与ET的变化特征以及群落水分收支状况。结果表明:(1)小叶锦鸡儿群落T、ET日变化趋势基本一致,均值分别为1.61 mm·d-1、2.43 mm·d-1;(2)T、ET日内变化曲线分别呈宽幅单峰型、钟型分布,日累积量均呈"S"型增长趋势;(3)不同天气条件下T、ET日变化峰型各异,峰值及总量变化水平晴天高于阴雨天;(4)不同降水事件中,降雨时间不同导致T启动时间推迟或结束时间提前,ET发生时间降水前后无显著差异;降雨量P≤10 mm或P>20 mm时,雨后T有所降低,10 mm相似文献   

Spatio-temporal patterns of forest carbon dioxide exchange based on global eddy covariance measurements

Spatio-temporal patterns and driving mechanisms of forest carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange are the key issues on terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycles, which are the basis for developing and validating ecosystem carbon cycle models, assessing and predicting the role of forests in global carbon balance. Eddy covariance (EC) technique, an important method for measuring energy and material exchanges between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere, has made a great contribution to understanding CO2 exchanges in the biosphere during the past decade. Here, we synthesized published EC flux measurements at various forest sites in the global network of eddy flux tower sites (FLUXNET) and regional flux networks. Our objective was to explore spatio-temporal patterns and driving factors on forest carbon fluxes, i.e. net ecosystem productivity (NEP), gross primary productivity (GPP) and total ecosystem respiration (TER). Globally, forest NEP exhibited a significant latitudinal pattern jointly controlled by GPP and TER. The NEP decreased in an order of warm temperate forest > cold temperate and tropical rain forests > boreal and subalpine forests. Mean annual temperature (MAT) made a greater contribution to forest carbon fluxes than sum of annual precipitation (SAP). As MAT increased, the GPP increased linearly, whereas the TER increased exponentially, resulting in the NEP decreasing beyond an MAT threshold of 20°C. The GPP, TER and NEP varied substantially when the SAP was less than 1500 mm, but tended to increase with increasing SAP. Temporal dynamics in forest carbon fluxes and determinants depended upon time scales. NEP showed a significant interannual variability mainly driven by climate fluctuations and different responses of the GPP and TER to environmental forcing. In a longer term, forest carbon fluxes had a significant age effect. The ecosystem was a net carbon source right after clearcutting, gradually switched to a net carbon sink when the relative stand age (i.e. ratio of actual stand age to the stand rotation age) approached 0.3, and maximized carbon sequestration capacity at premature or mature stand stages. This temporal pattern of NEP was correlated with stand leaf area index and associated GPP. This study highlights the significance of spatio-temporal dynamics in the CO2 exchange in forest carbon cycling studies. It is also suggested that in addition to forest biomes, interannual variations and stand age effects of forest carbon fluxes should be considered in the global carbon balance.     

基于南海观测平台的海-气界面CO_2通量研究

利用南海北部的海上综合观测平台,开展了基于涡相关方法的海-气界面CO2通量的长期观测,得到了2010年9月至2012年9月近2年的海-气界面CO2通量数据,结果分析表明,观测平台附近海域全年表现为一个碳汇,年平均值为-0.088 mg m-2s-1,存在明显的季节变化规律,秋冬季节海洋表现为一个强碳汇,春季海洋依然是一个碳汇,但强度明显减弱,而夏季海洋呈现不稳定的源汇变化特征;从日周期特征上看,夜间通量强度较强,白天减弱;进一步的分析表明,海上风和大气稳定性对海-气界面CO2通量有明显的贡献。     

具有均匀协方差结构的误差方差非负二次估计的可容许性

在二次损失函数下,研究了线性模型中具有均匀协方差结构的误差方差非负二次估计的可容许性,给出了设计矩阵为1向量时,估计可容许的充要条件。     

海浪区湍流通量的涡度协方差观测

Turbulent eddies play a critical role in oceanic flows. Direct measurements of turbulent eddy fluxes beneath the sea surface were taken to study the direction of flux-carrying eddies as a means of supplementing our understanding of vertical fluxes exchange processes and their relationship to tides. The observations were made at 32 Hz at a water depth of ~1.5 m near the coast of Sanya, China, using an eddy covariance system, which mainly consists of an acoustic doppler velocimeter(ADV) and a fast temperature sensor. The cospectra-fit method-an established semi-empirical model of boundary layer turbulence to the measured turbulent cospectra at frequencies below those of surface gravity waves-was used in the presence of surface gravity waves to quantify the turbulent eddy fluxes(including turbulent heat flux and Reynolds stress). As much as 87% of the total turbulent stress and 88% of the total turbulent heat flux were determined as being at band frequencies below those of surface gravity waves. Both the turbulent heat flux and Reynolds stress showed a daily successive variation;the former peaked during the low tide period and the later peaked during the ebb tide period.Estimation of roll-off wavenumbers, k0, and roll-off wavelengths, λ0(where λ0=2π/k0), which were estimated as the horizontal length scales of the dominant flux-carrying turbulent eddies, indicated that the λ0 of the turbulent heat flux was approximately double that of the Reynolds stress. Wavelet analysis showed that both the turbulent heat flux and the Reynolds stress have a close relationship to the semi-diurnal and diurnal tides, and therefore indicate the energy that is transported from tides to turbulence.     

Diurnal variation of ozone flux over corn field in Northwestern Shandong Plain of China

High concentration ground-level ozone(O3)has adverse effects on plant growth and photosynthesis.Compared to the O3concentration-based index,the O3flux-based(especially stomatal O3uptake)index has been considered the better criterion for assessing the impact of ozone on vegetation and ecosystems.This paper reports on a study of O3flux using the eddy covariance technique over a corn field in the Northwestern Shandong Plain of China.Diurnal variation of atmospheric O3concentration,deposition velocity and flux,and their relationships to environmental factors are analyzed.The results show that:(1)During the observation period(9 August–28 September,2011),there was a strong diurnal variation of O3concentration,with low(16.5 nL L?1)and high(60.1 nL L?1)O3mean concentrations observed around 6:30 and 16:00,respectively.Mean O3concentrations during daytime(6:00–18:00)and nighttime(18:00–6:00)were 39.8±23.1 and 20.7±14.1 nL L?1(mean±std),respectively.The maximum observed concentration was 97.5 nL L?1.The concentration was mainly affected by solar radiation and air temperature.(2)Whether daytime or nighttime,ground-level O3flux is always downward.The diurnal course of mean deposition velocity was divided into 4 phases:a low and stable process during nighttime,fast increasing in early morning,relatively large and steady changes around noon,and quickly decreasing in later afternoon.Daytime and nighttime mean deposition velocities were 0.29 and 0.09 cm s?1,respectively.The maximum deposition velocity was 0.81 cm s?1.The magnitude of deposition velocity was influenced by the corn growth period,and its diurnal variation was significantly correlated with global radiation and relative humidity.(3)O3flux was affected by variations of both O3concentration and deposition velocity,with mean O3fluxes-317.7 and?70.2 ng m?2s?1during daytime and nighttime,respectively.There was strong correlation between O3flux and CO2flux or latent heat flux.By comparing the deposition velocities of daytime and nighttime,we infer that stomatal uptake was probably the main sink of ground-level O3.     

区域三维变分同化中背景误差协方差的模拟

背景误差协方差(B)是变分同化中的一个重要部分,极大地影响同化系统输出的分析场.由于计算和指定B中有关统计量需要巨大的资料存储量和计算量,因此进行相关的研究较为困难.本文首先论述了B在变分同化中的重要性以及进行模拟的必要性;接着介绍了美国NMC方法的原理,并研究将其应用到区域三维变分同化中的方法;然后利用WRF模式生成的预报场差值集合对有关统计量进行了估计.揭示了以下结论:通过使用平衡变换和回归系数,控制变量被限制在较小范围内,保证了分析场的质量;流函数第一全局特征向量在200 hPa附近的最大分量,表示了急流层中强西风误差;流函数前五个全局特征向量在低层与中高层之间是负相关的;非平衡温度和相对湿度的特征长度尺度比流函数和非平衡速度势的值要小,说明它们是局地性较强的量.流函数和非平衡速度势的特征长度尺度随垂直模态数的增大快速减小,而相对湿度和非平衡温度的特征长度尺度随垂直模态数的变化较为平缓.     

面向稀疏降水站点的套合各向异性贝叶斯地统计估计研究

由于形成过程中各种影响因素在不同尺度上的运行和相互作用,降水的空间变异普遍是发生在多尺度上地理过程叠加后的结果。建立较好地反映该动力学过程的多尺度复杂空间模型对于区域降水变量估计和空间分析是很有必要的,尤其是面向稀疏监测区域。贝叶斯地统计模型具有多尺度结构化建模的能力,提供了一种可以融合观测值(含有误差的外在实现)、未知变量、先验信息和复杂数据模型(隐藏的真实过程)的统计推断框架。鉴于降水现象在尺度和各向异性上的叠加特征,本研究将基于贝叶斯和地统计的理论和方法探讨二维随机场中存在的套合各向异性分解估计的可行性,并在对每个独立组分贡献定量计算的基础上,进一步分析和挖掘套合各向异性模型在降水插值中的应用潜力。结果表明:通过贝叶斯方法,稀疏数据中叠置的多尺度性和多方向性通过地统计套合模型可以得到有效的分解;复杂套合模型估计具有向下兼容简单套合模型的能力;套合各向异性协方差结构的使用对于区域降水插值的精度提升具有明显作用。     

Field verification of quasi-determinism theory for wind waves in the space-time domain

Profiles of exceptionally large waves in wind seas were obtained using a gauge array that was nearly aligned in the dominant wave direction; the length of these profiles ranged from 1.5 to 3.0 times the dominant wavelength. The profiles were also obtained through calculations using the quasi-determinism theory from the datasets of the sea states. The possibility to observe waves in the space-time domain enables us to obtain a remarkable confirmation of the quasi-determinism theory.