Autoregressive filtering versus linear detrending in estimation of fluxes by the eddy covariance method

The application of autoregressive running mean filtering (RMF) and linear detrending (LDT) in the estimation of turbulent fluxes by the eddy covariance method is analysed. The systematic, as well as the random, errors of the fluxes arising from filtering and/or limited observation time effects are described. To observe negligible systematic errors in fluxes, the RMF has to be applied with moderately long time constants. However, the obtained flux values are subject to increased random errors during periods of non-stationarity and the method leads to systematic overestimation of variances. These shortcomings are not inherent in the LDT approach, which is recommended for use. But the systematic errors of fluxes due to LDT are not negligible under certain experimental conditions and have to be accounted for. The corrections are important because the relatively small errors in short-period fluxes can translate to significant errors in long-period averages. The corrections depend on the turbulence time scales, which should be preferably estimated as ensemble mean variables for a particular site.     

多云条件有利于亚热带人工针叶林不同季节净生态系统碳吸收（英文）

太阳辐射的动态变化对生态系统固碳有重要影响,而不同天气条件下太阳辐射的改变对森林净生态系统碳交换(NEE)的影响还不明确。本研究利用亚热带人工针叶林生态系统2012年的通量数据和气象数据,分析了晴天、多云、阴天三种天气对NEE的影响。基于一年数据的研究结果表明:在不同季节中,不同天气下光响应曲线的变化没有季节性差异。和晴天条件相比,多云条件下的表观量子效率(?),150和750 W m^–2光强下的潜在光合速率(P₁₅₀和P₇₅₀)分别平均提高了82.3%、217.7%、22.5%;阴天条件下的α和P₁₅₀分别平均提高了118.5%和301%。中等辐射条件有利于NEE达到最大值,但低辐射条件对NEE有抑制作用。在大多数情况下,与晴天相比,多云下NEE的相对改变量(%NEE)为正,但阴天下为负。多云条件下最大%NEE的平均值在春夏秋冬分别为42.4%、34.1%、1.6%、-87.3%。本研究表明多云天气促进亚热带人工针叶林的潜在光合速率和NEE。     

普通克立格方法的奇异性问题研究

普通克立格方法是一种广泛应用于各种地质领域的线性插值方法。在普通克立格方法实际应用中,有时会出现方程无解的问题,而这些问题的出现往往与协方差函数的选取以及取样点的空间分布有关。这里通过对协方差函数的严格正定性分析,以及对取样点的空间分布对协方差阵奇异性的影响分析,试图拓展对普通克立格方法奇异性分析的各种思路,从而让人们在普通克立格方法的实际应用中找到奇异性无解的原因,有意识地避免可能发生的奇异性无解问题。     

荒漠河岸柽柳(Tamarix chinensis)灌丛的能量平衡特征

用涡度相关法对新疆塔里木河下游荒漠河岸柽柳(Tamarix chinensis)灌丛进行了1个生长季的实验观测,利用同步气象资料探讨了干旱胁迫环境下柽柳灌丛的近地面微气象和能量平衡特征,并运用普通最小二乘法线性回归及能量平衡比率法对比分析了不同天气条件下柽柳的日能量平衡变化和分配的差异。结果表明:观测期内柽柳灌丛的能量平衡闭合率为72.3%,地表能量通量和能量分配特征呈明显的单峰型二次曲线,地表净辐射通量和潜热通量是柽柳灌丛生长季的主要能量收入项和支出项;生长季内柽柳灌丛的能量平衡残差出现系统性、正负交替的日循环规律;在不同天气条件下,能量的分配转化和平衡程度均有明显差异,晴天的能量闭合状况好于阴天、降雨及扬沙天气,白天好于夜间;能量平衡比率在日出前与日落后的变化显著,且出现瞬时能量过闭合现象。受光合作用的影响,能量平衡闭合程度及碳通量的变化与不同天气下的温度及水分密切相关。     

Comparison of Different Generation Mechanisms of Free Convection between Two Stations on the Tibetan Plateau

Based on high-quality data from eddy covariance measurements at the Qomolangma Monitoring and Research Station for Atmosphere and Environment(QOMS) and the Southeast Tibet Monitoring and Research Station for Environment(SETS),near-ground free convection conditions(FCCs) and their characteristics are investigated. At QOMS, strong thermal effects accompanied by lower wind speeds can easily trigger the occurrence of FCCs. The change of circulation from prevailing katabatic glacier winds to prevailing upslope winds and the oscillation of upslope winds due to cloud cover are the two main causes of decreases in wind speed at QOMS. The analysis of results from SETS shows that the most important trigger mechanism of FCCs is strong solar heating. Turbulence structural analysis using wavelet transform indicates that lowerfrequency turbulence near the ground emerges from the detected FCCs both at QOMS and at SETS. It should be noted that the heterogeneous underlying surface at SETS creates large-scale turbulence during periods without the occurrence of FCCs. Regarding datasets of all seasons, the distribution of FCCs presents different characteristics during monsoonal and non-monsoonal periods.     

黄土高原冬季湍流相干结构在地表能量平衡中的作用

地表能量不平衡问题是近40年一直困扰微气象学界的重要难题.本文利用黄土高原定西干旱气象与生态环境试验站的相关数据,通过将湍流分解为相干结构部分和非相干结构部分,在涡动相关法中引入相干结构(Coherent structure, 简称为CS)的贡献,探讨了CS在地表能量平衡中的作用.研究发现：(1)CS出现频次高,间歇性显著,在30 min平均时间中出现的数目为38个,出现时间与未出现时间分别占40%和60%左右;(2)CS对通量影响显著,引入CS贡献后,白天垂直动量通量、感热、潜热和湍流通量(感热与潜热之和)等4个通量计算的准确性均获得显著提高,分别提高达26%(0.01 m²·s^-2)、24%(25.33 W·m^-2)、31%(6.23 W·m^-2)和30%(31.66 W·m^-2).而不考虑CS的传统方法对这4个通量低估达19%、22%、21%和23%;(3)CS对4个通量的贡献分别为36%、41%、33%和50%;(4)传统方法得到的地表能量平衡闭合率EBR只有0.76、能量平衡残差Res为41.9 W·m^-2,远未平衡.考虑CS贡献后,EBR增大至0.96、Res降低至10.4 W·m^-2,地表能量接近闭合;(5)EBR与Res少量的未闭合部分可以非均匀地表产生的垂直感热平流解释.结果表明,CS大幅提高了地表能量的闭合水平,它是实现地表能量平衡的关键因素之一,是产生地表能量不平衡的最重要原因之一,应该在涡动相关法中考虑CS的贡献.

     

多波束测深数据处理的抗差最小二乘配置迭代解法

针对利用最小二乘配置处理多波束测深数据,存在二次曲面数学模型通常无法精确表征海底地形的整体变化趋势以及观测数据存在粗差或异常点时,常规方法给出的协方差函数不能精确表征其统计特性的问题,本文提出了一种抗差最小二乘配置迭代解法。该方法首先进行协方差函数和观测值方差阵初始化,以多面函数拟合趋势项,然后应用等价权抗差估计并通过迭代计算,最终给出稳健的协方差函数参数解及最小二乘配置解。利用本文提出的方法及传统的方法处理实测的多波束测深数据,试验结果表明,相比于传统的方法,本文提出的方法能够较好地表征海底地形的整体变化趋势,一定程度上克服了多波束测深数据中粗差或异常点的影响。相比于传统的抗差方法,本文方法更为有效地识别出测深数据中异常点,推估效果较好,具有稳健性。     

Comparison of methods for quantifying surface sublimation over seasonally snow‐covered terrain

Snow sublimation can be an important component of the snow‐cover mass balance, and there is considerable interest in quantifying the role of this process within the water and energy balance of snow‐covered regions. In recent years, robust eddy covariance (EC) instrumentation has been used to quantify snow sublimation over snow‐covered surfaces in complex mountainous terrain. However, EC can be challenging for monitoring turbulent fluxes in snow‐covered environments because of intensive data, power, and fetch requirements, and alternative methods of estimating snow sublimation are often relied upon. To evaluate the relative merits of methods for quantifying surface sublimation, fluxes calculated by the EC, Bowen ratio–energy balance (BR), bulk aerodynamic flux (BF), and aerodynamic profile (AP) methods and their associated uncertainty were compared at two forested openings in the Colorado Rocky Mountains. Biases between methods are evaluated over a range of environmental conditions, and limitations of each method are discussed. Mean surface sublimation rates from both sites ranged from 0.33 to 0.36 mm day^?1, 0.14 to 0.37 mm day^?1, 0.10 to 0.17 mm day^?1, and 0.03 to 0.10 mm day^?1 for the EC, BR, BF and AP methods, respectively. The EC and/or BF methods are concluded to be superior for estimating surface sublimation in snow‐covered forested openings. The surface sublimation rates quantified in this study are generally smaller in magnitude compared with previously published studies in this region and help to refine sublimation estimates for forested openings in the Colorado Rocky Mountains. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.