末次冰消期以来冲绳海槽深水氧化性与通风演化研究进展与展望

过去二十年,末次冰消期以来冲绳海槽深层水沉积氧化性与通风演化、碳埋藏与释放等研究一直备受关注。尽管目前该研究方向已开展了大量的工作,但由于多种替代指标的复杂性和局限性,与冲绳海槽黑潮动力学相关的深水环流和沉积氧化还原研究目前仍然存在较大争议。本文系统总结了末次冰消期以来冲绳海槽深层水沉积氧化性与通风演化的研究进展,发现高有机质沉降通量和高古生产力是末次盛冰期（LGM）至冰消期期间冲绳海槽深层水缺氧的主要原因;Younger Drays(YD)和Heinrich Stadial 1(HS1)事件期间深水通风增强、含氧量增加与北太平洋中层水（NPIW）强化和侵入有关;早全新世以来黑潮加强引发的深水通风抵消了上升流驱动的生产力提高的影响,使得冲绳海槽深层水处于氧化状态。最后提出未来冲绳海槽古海洋学研究应加强对轨道-千年尺度深层水水源识别与演化示踪、不同气候状态下古生产力与沉积氧化还原耦合关系,以及深层水演化的环境与气候效应等方面的研究。     

华北地台北缘中生代盆-山的耦合转移及其动力学分析

晚三叠－中株罗世华北地台早中生代的盆０山关系使内蒙地轴的挤压隆升,其南侧的山前盆地挠曲下工建造;晚侏罗世的盆地往北推移,在内蒙地轴南部及东部的Ｅ－Ｗ向及ＮＥ向的山嶂盆地中,接受了周边山地的物源而形成磨拉石建造。早白垩世的盆地在区域伸展的环境中形成了ＮＮＥ向的断陷盆地,盆－－山耦合仍是高处剥蚀、低下充填的浅层次的填平补舅－－山的迁移演化完成了由古亚洲洋构造同演太平洋构造域的转换。转换是在板内外,球内     

Mechanical controls on fluid flow during regional metamorphism: some numerical models

The control of fluid flow by plastic deformation during metamorphism is critical to our understanding of metamorphic processes. Various geological observations and field studies demonstrate the consequences of fluid flow control by deformation, so that the concept appears to be accepted, at least for small-scale PUBLIC (for example faults and vein PUBLIC). However, the concept appears to be less well recognized at regional scales. Considered here are examples of simple, conceptual models based on fully coupled mechanical–fluid flow concepts; they include deformation of a section of fluid-saturated crust containing a block or a layer of material of different properties from its surrounds. In particular, rheological and permeability contrasts between rock types during deformation associated with regional metamorphism are sufficient to control the form of fluid flow over the range of a few kilometres. Low contrasts and small strains allow pervasive fluid flow, whereas greater contrasts and increasing strains cause focusing of the flow. Such focusing is generally associated with localization of the deformation, especially for a strongly dilatant elastic–plastic material. However, a rate of fluid flow much greater than the rate of deformation may result in pervasive flow, although for most models pervasive flow is difficult to attain over regional distances. Furthermore, lateral and downward fluid flow may occur, demonstrated here by simple models for folding and for deformation of regions containing plutons. Therefore, such modelling may be used as a means of testing the various hypotheses concerning the volumes of fluid predicted to have passed through some rock volumes. Numerical models of the future will become increasingly complex and powerful, allowing greater coupling of thermal, mechanical, chemical and fluid flow effects, and based more on the physical processes involved. Combined field and laboratory studies will provide correspondingly greater understanding and will permit the determination of the timing of fluid flow and structural controls on fluid flow patterns.     

水蒸气增湿非饱和黄土热湿迁移规律研究

温度梯度、含水率梯度和压力梯度对非饱和土体中的水热迁移有重要影响。用非饱和黄土填筑室内模型,通入0.10MPa高温水蒸气,研究蒸汽压梯度、温度梯度和含水率梯度耦合作用下的水热迁移规律。结果表明:在水蒸气迁移范围之内,土体的升温速率、增湿速率和增湿程度较大,以蒸汽传热和压力梯度驱动的水蒸气增湿为主。而在水蒸气未到位置,以温度梯度引起的热传导和含水率梯度与温度梯度耦合驱动的水热迁移为主;水蒸气迁移时,受土颗粒阻碍和蒸汽压消散的影响,土体升温速率、增湿速率和温度传导速率均随径向距离的增大而减小,且增湿速率小于升温速率;水蒸气增湿土体的最大含水率接近最优含水率,增湿效果较好,可有效提高一定范围内土体的压实性能;基于模型试验边界条件,确定含湿毛细多孔介质中二维热湿迁移方程的一组代数显式特解,并以20 cm测点为例,将温度和含水率实测值和计算值进行对比分析。研究结果可为非饱和黄土水-汽-热耦合传输规律和水蒸气增湿新技术研究提供理论支持。     

Physical dynamics and biological implications of a mesoscale eddy in the lee of Hawai’i: Cyclone Opal observations during E-Flux III

E-Flux III (March 10–28, 2005) was the third and last field experiment of the E-Flux project. The main goal of the project was to investigate the physical, biological and chemical characteristics of mesoscale eddies that form in the lee of Maui and the Island of Hawai’i, focusing on the physical–biogeochemical interactions. The primary focus of E-Flux III was the cyclonic cold-core eddy Opal, which first appeared in the NOAA GOES sea-surface temperature (SST) imagery during the second half of February 2005. During the experiment, Cyclone Opal moved over 160 km, generally southward. Thus, the sampling design had to be constantly adjusted in order to obtain quasi-synoptic observations of the eddy. Analyses of ship transect-depth profiles of CTD, optical and acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) data revealed a well-developed feature characterized by a fairly symmetric circular shape with a radius of about 80 km. Depth profiles of temperature, salinity and density were characterized by an intense doming of isothermal, isohaline and isopycnal surfaces. Isopleths of nutrient concentrations were roughly parallel to isopycnals, indicating the upwelling of deep nutrient-rich water. The deep chlorophyll maximum layer (DCML) shoaled from a depth of about 130 m in the outer regions of the eddy to about 60 m in the center. Chlorophyll concentrations reached their maximum values in Opal's core region (about 40 km in diameter), where nutrients were upwelled into the euphotic layer. ADCP velocity data clearly showed the cyclonic circulation associated with Opal. Vertical sections of tangential velocities were characterized by values that increased linearly with radial distance from near zero close to the center to a maximum of about at roughly 25 km from the center, and then slowly decayed. The vertical extent of the cyclonic circulation was primarily limited to the upper mixed layer, as tangential velocities decayed quite rapidly within a depth range of 90–130 m. Potential vorticity analysis suggests that only a relatively small (about 50 km in diameter) and shallow (to a depth of approximately 70 m) portion of the eddy is isolated from the surrounding waters. Radial movements of water can occur between the center of the eddy and the outer regions along density surfaces within an isopycnal range of σ–t_23.6 () and σ–t_24.4 (). Thus the biogeochemistry of the system might have been greatly influenced by these lateral exchanges of water at depth, especially during Opal's southward migration. While the eddy was translating, deep water in front of the eddy might have been upwelled into the core region, leading to an additional injection of nutrients into the euphotic zone. At the same time, part of the chlorophyll-rich waters in the core region might have remained behind the translating eddy and, thus contributed to the formation of an eddy wake characterized by relatively high chlorophyll concentrations.     

裂隙岩体介质THM耦合问题中的渗透特性研究

在前人就热、液、力三因素各自影响裂隙岩体渗透特性的研究和本文所进行的温度及附加应力作用下单裂隙岩样实验的基础上．综合分析了裂隙岩体THM耦合过程,以裂隙结构面的开度、岩体裂隙数(包括受温度影响开通裂隙数)、裂隙连通率、附加应力、剪切膨胀为研究对象．建立具有THM耦合特性的裂隙岩体渗流系数张量。     

HYDROLOGY AND GEOMORPHIC EFFECTS OF A HIGH-MAGNITUDE FLOOD IN AN ALPINE RIVER

The catchment of the River Partnach, a torrent situated in a glacial valley in the Northern Calcareous Alps of Bavaria/Germany, was affected by a high‐magnitude flood on 22/23 August 2005 with a peak discharge of more than 16 m³s^‐1 at the spring and about 50 m³s^‐1 at the catchment outlet. This flood was caused by a long period of intense rainfall with a maximum intensity of 230 mm per day. During this event, a landslide dam, which previously held a small lake, failed. The flood wave originating from the dam breach transported a large volume of sediment (more than 50 000 m³) derived from bank erosion and the massive undercutting of a talus cone. This caused a fundamental transformation of the downstream channel system including the redistribution of large woody debris and channel switching. Using terrestrial survey and aerial photography, erosional and depositional consequences of the event were mapped, pre‐ and post‐event surfaces were compared and the sediment budget of the event calculated for ten consecutive channel reaches downstream of the former lake. According to the calculations more than 100 000 tonnes of sediment were eroded, 75% of which was redeposited within the channel and the proximal floodplain. A previous large flood which occurred a few weeks prior to the August 2005 event had a significant effect on controlling the impact of this event.     

磁层源赤道电急流的模式研究

本文用数值计算方法对极盖区边界变化、其上驱动电势突然增减以及粒子沉降边界随时间变化等情况下,中低纬电离层电位分布及赤道电急流变化进行了研究。结果表明,赤道电急流明显地受到磁层-电离层电动耦合的影响。在白天到午夜的大部分时间内,当驱动势增强和扰动源向低纬扩展时,产生扰时附加东向赤道电急流;反之,有较强的磁层源西向电急流。计算结果解释了观测的主要现象,也表明观测结果的复杂性可能与过程不同阶段上电急流位相变化有关。     

泄洪雨雾入渗对雾化区边坡的影响分析

泄洪雨雾入渗导致的边坡稳定问题随着高坝大库的建设越来越突出,对此类问题的研究和认识大多停留在对岩土体强度降低和荷载增加两者之一上,对渗流和应力变形的耦合作用认识和应用不足。本文通过理论分析,对泄洪雨雾入渗的渗流分析中入渗边界条件重新做了界定,并指出了存在的问题;同时对应力变形计算中渗流荷载的增加和岩土体在非饱和区的强度变化,提出了自己的观点,并指出存在的误区。最后作者通过某一水电工程泄洪雾化区边坡的渗流和应力变形作了计算,得到了合理的计算结果。