Technological capability and transfer for achieving South Africa's development goals

Technological capability and technology transfer both play important roles in achieving low-carbon development targets and the concepts of both have appeared in national development and climate policy debates. Yet, they differ. Improving capabilities and transfer mechanisms are two differing approaches to technological development. Technology transfer is associated with a key political dynamic within international climate policy, in that developing countries request support from industrialised countries. Whereas technological capability focuses on building internal capabilities and is often framed in the context of national industrial policy plans rather than relying on external support. We argue that technology development, a combination of these approaches, can contribute to South Africa's low-carbon development through innovation and technology-based mitigation actions that increase domestic technological capabilities. Technological capability needs to become a determinant of mitigation action to effectively contribute to achieving South Africa's low-carbon development goals. International technology transfer and cooperation should contribute to boosting domestic capabilities to advance technological development. Technology transfer based on pure sales will not contribute to achieving long-term low-carbon development goals.     

Policy making for renewable energy in India: lessons from wind and solar power sectors

It is clear that developing countries will have to be part of the global mitigation effort to avoid ‘dangerous climate change’, and, indeed, many of them are already undertaking significant actions on multiple fronts to help address this problem, even if they have not yet taken on legally binding commitment under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Since the deployment of GHG-mitigating technologies is already a significant part of this effort and likely to be even more so in the future, drawing lessons from existing programmes can help accelerate and enhance the effectiveness of this deployment process. Accordingly, this article aims to examine the deployment of wind and solar power in India, paying specific attention to the role of public policy in incentivizing and facilitating this deployment, how these policies have evolved over time, what has shaped this evolution, and what the learning has been over this period. Through this analysis, the intention is to draw out key lessons from India's experience with deployment policies and programmes in these two sectors and highlight the issues that will need to be given particular consideration in the design of future domestic policies and international cooperation programmes to enhance the move towards climate-compatible development in India. Many of these lessons should also be relevant for other developing countries that are attempting to balance their climate and developmental priorities through the deployment of renewable energy technologies.     

论外部知识联系对发展中国家产业集群的重要性

产业集群的竞争优势存在不同的理论解释,现有产业集群研究理论主要集中于产业集群的内部联系研究,而忽视产业集群的外部联系研究。发展中国家的产业集群有自己的特征,外部知识联系具有非常重要的地位。全球生产网络为发达国家的产业集群建立外部知识联系提供了有利条件,这种外部联系和本地联系的互动有助于提高集群的竞争力。     

A Mini‐Review of E‐Waste Management in Brazil: Perspectives and Challenges

The accelerated production and replacement of new electrical and electronic equipment demonstrates a tendency for the proportional increase in the generation of e‐waste. Developing countries experience similar social and environmental consequences from this trend, which compounds the other challenges associated with the already poor solid waste management in these regions. Moreover, the dangerous composition of some e‐waste amplifies the problems related to managing these materials. This mini‐review presents a brief overview of e‐waste management in Brazil, including technical aspects, scientific studies, and the challenges ahead. With the Brazilian National Policy of Solid Waste already in place, technical and scientific studies endorse measures that range from incorporating the informal recycling sector into the e‐waste management sector to encouraging the expansion of the recycling industry. All such actions, combined with an intensified commitment of electronic equipment manufacturers to reverse logistics, can improve e‐waste management in Brazil.     

中国与南美洲国家地缘经济联系强度及其影响因素

南美洲作为“一带一路”倡议国际合作的拓展方向区,对于提升中国地缘经济地位和拓宽中国地缘经济空间具有重要的意义。基于贸易、投资、旅游、交通和政治,本文建立多维度的地缘经济联系指标体系,运用灰色关联TOPSIS法和地理加权回归模型,解析中国与南美洲国家地缘经济联系强度的重要特征。结果表明：① 2006—2015年中国与南美洲国家的地缘经济要素流整体呈增长趋势。② 中国与南美洲国家地缘经济要素联系发展不平衡,交通联系强度高于政治、旅游、投资和贸易。③ 中国与南美洲国家地缘经济联系强度偏低,且差异显著。④ 中国与南美洲国家地缘经济联系强度提升缓慢,空间格局年际变化不大。⑤ 国内生产总值、人口规模、合作戈登斯坦因子是重要的地缘经济联系强度影响因子。市场是中国与南美洲国家地缘经济联系强度最重要的驱动力,资源禀赋对中国与南美洲国家地缘经济联系强度作用有限,地缘政治对中国与南美洲国家地缘经济联系强度作用显著。     

“一带一路”视域下中国与中亚国家地缘经济合作比较研究

中亚五国是我国西出的首站,是参与丝绸之路经济带建设的重要国家,中国与中亚的贸易投资合作直接关系到我国地缘经济空间的拓展,对“一带一路”建设意义重大。本文从地缘经济和区域经济合作的角度,运用统计分析和比较分析的方法,研究比较了中亚五国经济总量的发展变化,中亚五国的贸易环境及其与中国贸易的成效,以及中亚五国的营商环境和中国对中亚各国投资的成效。主要结论如下：中亚国家的贸易投资环境总体处于较低水平,仍需得到进一步改善;中国对中亚不同国家的贸易和投资呈同向发展的趋势;中国与中亚国家正在形成能源资源进口与民用品出口的格局;中国对中亚国家的贸易投资不平衡,呈现出国别差异较大、个别行业分布过于集中的特点,可能会加大中国对中亚国家贸易投资的风险。为进一步提升双方合作,提出以下建议：提高区域贸易投资便利化水平;因国施策,进一步发挥各方潜力,扩大贸易投资规模;促进区域经济的均衡可持续发展;鼓励双向投资,提高贸易投资的广度和深度,与中亚共同构建更加合理的区域贸易投资体系。     

北冰洋公海渔业权益争端的博弈分析——基于环北极国家视角

北冰洋公海尚处于冰封状态,但气候变暖、海冰加速融化使未来公海出现新渔场成为可能,其战略价值因而得到国际关注。当前,环北极国家已率先展开渔业权益争夺。为分析北冰洋公海渔业事务的国际走势,文章基于博弈论思想,构建非对称懦夫博弈模型及古诺模型来模拟和探究环北极国家在渔业利益争夺中的合作或冲突行为,研究得出:现阶段北冰洋公海渔业权益争端主要表现为渔业管理权的争夺,在该博弈中,非北冰洋沿岸国采取退让策略,沿岸国采取进攻策略,可以达到进化稳定均衡;一旦公海具备捕鱼条件,争端将演化为开发模式选择的博弈,此时,北冰洋沿岸国采取合作开发策略可以有效保护公海渔业资源,并实现国家的长期利益。     

中国与海洋邻国间海域划界问题的研究

根据我国的领海制度,中国专属经济区与大陆架法以及联合国海洋法公约的有关内容,研究划分我国与海洋邻国之间的海域管辖范围,从而维护我国的海洋权益。     

地面核磁共振找水仪及其在水文地质调查工作中的应用研究

本文概要介绍了地面核磁共振找水方法的原理和世界上最新的直接探查地下水的仪器设备--地面核磁感应系统的特点,并以实例说明了NMR找水方法的应用效果,提出了关于提高NUMIS系统抗干扰能力、完善解释方法、研制系列仪器等方面的建议.     

The structure of tuna access agreements in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean: Lessons for Vessel Day Scheme planning

The tuna industry in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean (WCPO) is one of the largest and most valuable fisheries in the world. Since the 1980s, Pacific island countries have used licensing agreements with foreign fishing interests—known as access agreements—to earn tuna-related revenue and control the environmental impacts of fishing, with only minimal success. To date, there has been little work detailing the structure of access agreements and assessing how this structure relates to economic and environmental outcomes in the sector. This article helps to fill this gap by providing an overview of various access structures and a detailed empirical assessment of how these structures are applied in access agreements between Pacific island countries and the major foreign fishing interests active in the WCPO. This analysis is placed in the context of evolving regional fisheries management structures. The study reveals that while there is no uniform formula for access agreements, each structure is subject to distinct political, economic and environmental considerations that influence outcomes for Pacific island countries. As Pacific island countries develop the mechanism to allocate fishing rights under the new Vessel Day Scheme, drawing on their long history with access agreements will assist efforts to use access to achieve policy objectives. Improved transparency will enable Pacific island countries to identify successes and problems and adapt the Vessel Day Scheme allocation mechanisms accordingly.