Impact of the North Atlantic Oscillation on streamflow in Western Iran

The Middle East region, where arid and semi‐arid regions occupy most of the land, is extremely vulnerable to any natural or anthropogenic reductions in available water resources. Much of the observed interannual‐decadal variability in Middle Eastern streamflow is physically linked to a large‐scale atmospheric circulation patterns such as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). In this work, the relationship between the NAO index and the seasonal and annual streamflows in the west of Iran was statistically examined during the last four decades. The correlations were constructed for two scenarios (with and without time lag). The associations between the annual and seasonal streamflows and the simultaneous NAO index were found to be poor and insignificant. The possibility of streamflow forecasting was also explored, and the results of lag correlations revealed that streamflow responses at the NAO signal with two and three seasons delays. The highest Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.379 was found between the spring NAO index and the autumn streamflow series at Taghsimab station, indicating that roughly 14% of the variance in the streamflow series is associated with NAO forcing. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

七参数坐标转换模型的比较分析

主要介绍了Bursa模型、Molodensky模型,以及武测七参数坐标转换模型的原理与方法,采用最小二乘原理求解七参数数值并通过Cshape编程实现三种模型的转换过程,比较三种模型的坐标转换结果并解算模型的相关系数矩阵,分析了三个模型七参数之间的相关性。结果显示,三种模型转换后的坐标及残差完全一样,小范围内Molodensky模型参数之间的相关性明显弱于Bursa模型和武测模型。     

线性相关“可传递性”的几何意义

从几何角度对随机变量显著相关可传递性质进行了分析,得出了样本容量为n(n≥3)随机变量显著相关可传递性质的概率的几何表达式。用Monte-Carlo方法验证了几何分析的合理性,并对此问题展开了一定的讨论。     

Stroke构造、移位一体化的道路网示意化方法

针对当前常用示意性地图生成方法中往往存在简化程度不够、未考虑长度信息以及时间效率低等问题,提出了stroke构造、移位一体化的道路网示意化方法。该方法在对道路网进行stroke划分构造的同时,直接对其进行渐进式的移位示意化及拓扑检查。同时本文还提出利用相似分形维数来定量比较并验证不同示意化方法的有效性。试验表明,本算法在考虑原始线形的基础上,示意化过程简单,时间效率较高,减少了拓扑冲突问题,保证了拓扑一致性及路网的均衡分布,具有较好的清晰度和认知度。     

结合投影变换和相位相关的海冰运动监测

为提高对渤海海冰旋转和平移运动的监测精度,提出一种基于投影变换的相位相关跟踪方法。选取连续8景静止水色成像仪(GOCI)图像序列,根据特征图像窗口的投影变换构造辅助函数,通过寻求函数最优解得到旋转角度集合,选择修正相关系数确定最佳旋转角度,同时根据相位信息实现海冰样本间亚像素级别的平移跟踪,消除传统相位相关法中因忽略图像相频特性所造成的匹配误差。实验结果表明,以手动测量的旋转角度为基准,该方法和传统相位相关法的旋转监测均方根误差的最大值/平均值分别为0.59/0.50与1.41/0.94,跟踪速度提高了50.6%;海冰平移运动的速度矢量与辽东湾的现场实测数据及历史资料记录数据基本一致。该方法对渤海海冰旋转和平移运动具有较好的跟踪效果。     

盾构施工参数与沉降变形关系模型构建

针对盾构施工参数变化对施工引起的地表变形的重要影响,该文构建了盾构施工参数与地表沉降变形关系模型。以北京市某地铁盾构区间施工过程中的实测数据为基础,分析了不同盾构施工参数与地表沉降变形的关联度和相关性,得到不同参数对沉降变形贡献值的大小;之后,利用多元回归模型方法建立主要影响参数与地表变形的关系模型,并进行模型的合理性检验;最后,利用该模型得到的沉降量与实测数据进行对比分析,结果显示符合性较好。     

倾斜摄影测量的城市真三维模型构建方法

针对如何基于近年来新推出的倾斜摄影测量技术快速构建城市真三维模型的问题,在研究分析国内基于该技术构建三维模型方法的基础上,提出了利用Street Factory系统,结合少量人工干预快速构建城市真三维模型的方法。采用倾斜影像联合空中三角测量技术,实现了多角度倾斜影像的一体化区域网平差;通过多视影像密集匹配和自动纹理关联,实现了高精度真实三维模型的构建。基于RCD-30倾斜相机获取的西安大雁塔景区倾斜影像,开展城市真三维模型构建试验。结果表明,所提方法构建的城市真三维模型满足相关规范的要求,适合大规模区域城市三维模型快速构建,对测绘生产单位规模化生产具有一定的参考价值。     

塔里木盆地麦盖提斜坡奥陶纪地层划分对比及意义

以碳同位素值的波动变化与沉积环境、海平面升降及地层界面突变等地质事件相对应为理论依据,开展碳同位素地层研究,建立了各组值域划分标准,解决碳酸盐岩地层缺乏标准生物化石情况下,地层归属难确定的问题。指出奥陶系自下而上碳同位素曲线呈现稳定-上升-正漂移的过程。其中,下统蓬莱坝组—鹰山组δ~(13)C值范围为(-4.2~-0.2)×10~(-3),始终为负值;中统一间房组δ~(13)C值范围为(-0.4~0.6)×10~(-3),以分布在零值附近为特征;上统恰尔巴克组—良里塔格组δ~(13)C值范围(0.7~3.1)×10~(-3),均为正值。在此基础上,开展了巴楚典型露头剖面与麦盖提斜坡井下奥陶系碳同位素地层与岩石地层对比研究,提出麦盖提斜坡中部及东部断洼区发育上奥陶统,除东部断裂带外,普遍残存下奥陶统顶部泥晶灰岩段。     

分形分维理论在地质灾害发育及空间分布规律中的应用——以长安区滑坡、崩塌地质灾害为例

长安区区内地层岩性、地质构造多样,加之人类经济工程活动、降雨、地震等诱发影响,秦岭北坡及黄土台塬边缘滑坡崩塌地质灾害发育,是陕西省地质灾害较严重的县(区)之一。本文以长安区为研究区域,在对长安区自然地理及区域地质环境条件等资料充分收集的基础上,结合长安区滑坡崩塌灾害点的实际调查资料,详细分析了长安区的滑坡崩塌灾害发育特征及空间分布规律,并采用网络覆盖法,对长安区滑坡崩塌地质灾害的空间分布进行了分形分维计算。求得地质灾害的空间分布分维值为0.876 6,反应出长安区滑坡崩塌地质灾害空间分布特性的复杂性。研究结果表明,分形分维理论能合理评价地质灾害空间分布特征,对类似地区的地质灾害空间分布特征分析具有借鉴意义。     

Nano-scale pore structure and fractal dimension of organic-rich Wufeng-Longmaxi shale from Jiaoshiba area,Sichuan Basin: Investigations using FE-SEM,gas adsorption and helium pycnometry

Much attention have been recently paid to the upper Ordovician Wufeng shale (O₃w) and lower Silurian Longmaxi shale (S₁l) in the Jiaoshiba area of Sichuan Basin, which is now the largest producing shale gas field in China. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), low pressure gas (N₂ and CO₂) adsorption, helium pycnometry, X-ray diffraction and geochemical analyses were performed to investigate the pore structure and fractal dimension of the pores in O₃w-S₁l shale formation in the Jiaoshiba area. FE-SEM images show that organic matter (OM) pores are dominant in the organic-rich samples and these pores are often irregular, bubble-like, elliptical and faveolate in shape, while in organic-poor samples, limited and isolated interparticle (interP), intraparticle (intraP) and OM pores are observed. Reversed S-shaped isotherms obtained from nitrogen adsorption are type Ⅱ, and hysteresis loops indicate that the shape of micropore in the samples is slit-or plate-like. BET surface areas and total pore volume vary from 12.2 to 27.1 m²/g and from 1.8 × 10⁻² to 2.9 × 10⁻² cm³/g, with an average of 19.5 m²/g and 2.3 × 10⁻² cm³/g, respectively. Adsorption volume from both N₂ and CO₂ adsorption increases with respect to TOC contents. Porosities obtained from helium porosimetry are comparable with these from gas (CO₂ and N₂) adsorption in O₃w-S₁l shale. However, porosity determined by quantitative FE-SEM analysis is much smaller, which is mainly related to limited resolution and the small areas of investigation.Based on the Frenkel-Halsey-Hill (FHH) model of low-pressure N₂ adsorption, fractal dimensions of the pores varied from 2.737 to 2.823. Relationships between pore structure parameters and TOC content, mineral composition and fractal dimension reveal that the fractal dimension is mainly associated with micropores. Samples with higher TOC content, higher quartz content and lower clay content tend to contain more heterogeneous micropores, resulting in higher fractal dimensions and more complicated pore structure in shales. Therefore, fractal dimension is an effective parameter to reflect the complexity of pore structure and the degree of micropore development in O₃w-S₁l shale.