Possible effects of human impacts on epibenthic communities and coral rubble features in the marine Park of Bunaken (Indonesia)

Indo-Pacific coral reefs are considered among the most complex and biodiversified ecosystems in the world. Their existence is threatened by both natural and anthropogenic factors. Therefore, the assessment of anthropogenic disturbances is necessary to protect and manage these marine natural resources. In Bunaken Marine Park (North Sulawesi, Indonesia) epibenthic assemblages and coral rubble features at four impacted sites (each of them located close to villages and frequently exploited as recreational diving spots), and four well preserved sites (far from villages and scarcely frequented by divers), were investigated at 6, 12 and 18 m depth, in order to identify possible reef modifications. The assemblages were sampled by way of photographs. Coral rubble cover was estimated both by way of photographs and along belt transects, while grain size and the living fraction of the coral rubble were assessed by direct samples. The data showed significant differences between the study sites and between depths with regard to human activity. The hard coral cover and the assemblage heterogeneity are higher in control sites than in the impacted site where, especially in shallow water, the mechanical damage can strongly affect the assemblage structure.     

面向对象的三亚珊瑚礁底质信息提取

珊瑚礁对于海洋生态环境研究具有重要意义,通过分析珊瑚礁底栖物质的分布及健康状况,可以对珊瑚礁生态环境进行评估。本文提出了一种基于面向对象的图像分类方法,通过试验确定不同地貌的最优分割尺度,其中陆地和深海的最优分割尺度为150,各类底栖物质的最优分割尺度为30。以Sentinel-2A卫星遥感影像为例,提取海南三亚珊瑚礁自然保护区的珊瑚礁底栖物质,并使用混淆矩阵对提取结果进行精度评估。结果表明,底栖物质提取总体分类精度为87.91%,Kappa系数为0.83。面向对象分类方法可有效结合珊瑚礁底栖物质的纹理特征和光谱特征,并充分利用遥感影像不同波段的组合特性,可为三亚珊瑚礁保护管理提供方法支撑。     

近50年来三亚鹿回头岸礁活珊瑚覆盖率的动态变化

对三亚鹿回头珊瑚岸礁5条断面进行实地潜水调查并室内判读海底录像,得到该岸段2005年和2006年的礁坡活珊瑚覆盖率分别为14.79%和12.16%。与历史资料(1960年、1978年、1983年和1990年测值分别为80%—90%、60%、60%和35%,1998年约为41.5%,2002年为23.4%,2004年为20%)对比分析显示,近50年来该岸段活珊瑚覆盖率显著下降,珊瑚礁总体呈衰退趋势。研究表明,人类活动是造成三亚鹿回头珊瑚礁衰退并影响将来发展的重要因素:过度和破坏性捕捞以及大规模采挖礁块等活动直接导致了该岸段珊瑚礁在七八十年代出现的巨大衰退;海上珍珠贝、麒麟菜等养殖活动是造成近期破坏的主要原因;正在影响该岸段珊瑚礁覆盖率仍持续下降的主要原因是沿岸对虾或鲍育苗养殖;三亚河和近海工程建设、航运活动带来的泥沙和污染物以及正向鹿回头扩展的潜水旅游活动已成为不可忽视的威胁。所以,保护该岸段珊瑚礁,需要在了解该岸礁活珊瑚覆盖率动态变化的基础上认清保护管理的紧迫性,并针对不同区域珊瑚群落的具体特征和影响因素制定合理、有效的管理措施。     

Colony growth in the harvested octocoral Pseudopterogorgia acerosa in a Caribbean coral reef

Pseudopterogorgia acerosa is the tallest gorgonian octocoral found in the Caribbean. In the Cartagena area, Colombia, P. acerosa is commonly harvested as raw material for handicrafts, rendering important the study of its growth and population dynamics. Growth measurements of branches from multiple colonies at two different reefs during 1 year revealed that the main growth was due to rapid elongation of the main (‘mother’) branch and production of daughter branches from the same (or just a few) mother branch(es). Some small colonies doubled their original size in a year. The branches’ absolute growth rate was weakly correlated with size, with no significant relationships between branch size and percent growth. While the pinnate branching pattern in P. acerosa is similar to its congeners Pseudopterogorgia elisabethae and Pseudopterogorgia bipinnata, it produces taller colonies due to the faster growth rate in the primordial mother branch. This growth mode seems advantageous as it augments exposure to light and higher fluxes of suspended food in the benthic boundary layer. Post‐harvesting, clipped colonies exhibited clear signs of regeneration, even in cases where only the holdfast remained. Pseudopterogorgia acerosa seems to have similar regeneration capabilities respect to other Pseudopterogorgia species, where regenerating colonies may grow faster than intact ones.     

岛礁工程海水拌养珊瑚礁、砂混凝土修补与应用研究

对用海水拌养珊瑚礁、砂混凝土修补与抢修远离大陆的岛碾损坏工程进行应用研究和调研,对该种混凝土的原材料和物理力学性能进行检测,研究了修补界面剂的配合比与修补工艺以及操作方法,并进行了海水拌养珊瑚礁、砂混凝土与海水拌养普通混凝土修补的粘结强度对比测试和海水拌养快凝快强混凝土快速抢修的工程应用实践检验,为岛礁工程修补和抢修提供技术参考资料。     

西沙生态监控区造礁石珊瑚退化原因分析

2005-2009年对西沙生态监控区5个站位(永兴岛、石岛、西沙洲、赵述岛和北岛)造礁石珊瑚种类、覆盖度、补充量及其主要环境因子进行了调查.研究结果表明,西沙生态监控区造礁石珊瑚呈现逐年退化趋势,活造礁石珊瑚覆盖率从2005年的65%下降到2009年的7.93%,而死珊瑚覆盖率变化则相反,从2005年的4.70%增加到...     

礁面大糙率存在下孤立波传播变形及爬高实验研究

本文采用圆柱体阵列来模拟珊瑚礁面的大糙率,通过波浪水槽实验研究礁面糙率对孤立波传播变形及岸滩爬高的影响.结果表明,粗糙礁面的存在显著削弱了礁坪上孤立波的首峰和礁后岸滩反射造成的次峰,同时降低了波浪在珊瑚礁面的传播速度;垂直于岸线方向沿礁相对波高随着入射波增大而减小,随着礁坪水深的增大而增大,粗糙礁面上波高沿礁的衰减更为...     

雷州半岛灯楼角珊瑚岸礁的特征

雷州半岛西南海岸的珊瑚礁是中国大陆唯一的全新世中期之初海侵以来形成的岸礁，灯楼角岸段岸礁沿灯楼角岬角两侧共长11.5km,宽500-1000m，厚约5m，珊瑚化石的优势种是Gonioporasp。本海区的海水温度，盐度，透明度和环境质量，均适合造礁石珊瑚生长，采集到活珊瑚8科16属25种，其中优势种是Acropora humilis,Porites lutea,Prities pukoensis和Favia speciosa。岸礁可分为礁坪和礁前向海坡两个地貌单元。内礁坪上有薄层细砂堆积的“沙帽”，主要由陆源碎屑沉积物，其次为生物碎屑组成。礁的^14C年龄主要为7120-4040aBP。在全球变化引起表层海水温度增高和海平面上升的条件下，由于大陆架深层水的影响，琼州海峡的沿岸水受到调节，夏季不致过热，冬季不致过冷，所以本区造礁石珊瑚仍能生长和繁殖，珊瑚礁仍存在和发展。     

珊瑚岛礁淡水透镜体的数值模拟

论述了珊瑚岛礁地下淡水资源-淡水透镜体的形成、特征和影响因素。用质量守恒,Darey定律和Ghyben-Herzbeg关系导出了淡水透镜体的数学模型,用有限差分法计算了西沙永兴岛淡水透镜体的包络面,与实测值比较误差在3％～15％之间。为科学开发西沙地下淡水资源提供了可靠的数学工具。     

活石（live rock）在珊瑚养殖体系中对NH4+、NO3-的去除作用

Maintaining stable water quality is one of the key processes for recirculating coral aquaculture. Traditional aquarium systems which mainly utilized a nitrification of nitrifying bacteria attached to the surface of massive artificial filter material are difficult to maintain the oligotrophic conditions necessary for coral aquaculture. This study investigated the removal effects of dissolved inorganic nitrogen(ammonia and nitrate) by live rock(LR), a key component in the "Berlin system" coral aquarium. The expression levels of bacterial functional genes, AOA3,amo A and nos Z, were measured on the exterior and interior of LR. The nitrifying and denitrifying bacterial abundance on LR was quantified and the nitrogen nutrient regulatory effects of LR were evaluated. The results demonstrated that LR mainly removed ammonium(NH_4~+) from the water with a mean efficiency of 0.141 mg/(kg·h), while the removal of nitrate(NO_3~–) was not significant. Bacterial diversity analysis showed that ammonia-oxidizing bacteria(AOB) were the most common bacteria on LR, which accounted for 0.5%–1.4% of the total bacterial population, followed by denitrifying bacteria, which accounted for 0.2% of the total population, and the ammonia-oxidizing archaea(AOA) were the least common type(0.01%). The low abundance of denitrifying bacteria may be responsible for the poor nitrate(NO_3~–) removal of LR. Thus, other biological filtration methods are needed in coral aquaria to control nitrates generated from nitrification or biological metabolism.