大断面浅埋黄土隧道锚杆作用效果的试验研究

黄土隧道系统锚杆的作用效果问题一直是争论的焦点。结合正在修建的郑州-西安铁路客运专线大断面黄土隧道,采用现场对比试验方法对系统锚杆作用效果进行研究。为了使试验结果有可比性,选取试验条件基本相同的贺家庄隧道洞身段作为试验段,分别设置有系统锚杆段40 m和无系统锚杆段40 m。对比试验的内容包括：拱顶下沉、拱脚下沉、水平收敛、围岩压力、初支钢架应力、锚杆轴力等。试验结果表明,有系统锚杆段比无系统锚杆段的拱顶沉降大40 %左右、水平收敛大25 %左右,两者的土压力和钢架应力相差不大;锚杆轴力较小,且拱部受压。经综合分析认为,拱部锚杆的支护效果不明显,取消拱部锚杆可减少施工工序,加快隧道初期支护断面及早封闭,能更好地控制支护沉降与变形,并节约工程投资。     

随机介质理论在盾构法隧道纵向地表沉降预测中的应用

将盾构法施工隧道开挖引起的地表下沉以及盾构挤压引起的地表隆起均视为一随机过程,应用随机介质理论,对隧道施工所引起的纵向地表沉降进行了分析,推导出了相应的计算公式。工程实例分析表明,该方法效果良好,具有一定的实用价值。     

隧道开挖地表移动计算软件SASMD的开发

从随机介质理论出发,简述了隧道开挖引起地表位移与变形计算所采用的理论与方法,介绍了基于随机介质理论而研制的隧道开挖引起地表位移与变形计算软件SASMD的设计思想、整体结构和主要特点,列举了若干个用SASMD软件所计算的工程实例。通过与实测值的比较,证明了基于随机介质理论而研制的SASMD软件具有精确度高、结果可靠、使用方便的特点,适于科技人员在分析隧道开挖引起地表位移与变形时使用。     

粗粒土渗透性能的试验研究

粗粒土作为土和块石的介质耦合体,具有非均质性、非连续性及试样的难以采集性等内在的独特性质,从而给研究带来极大的困难。粗粒土属于典型的多孔介质,其渗透特性与砾石的百分含量关系密切。利用自制的常水头渗透仪,测定了不同含砾量时粗粒土渗透系数值,研究发现含砾量与粗粒土渗透系数之间存在指数关系。在工程设计中可以通过合理调整粗粒土砾石的含量,达到控制其渗透性能的目的。基于幂平均法,提出了粗粒土复合渗透系数的计算公式,并通过试验结果验证了该式的正确性,为粗粒土渗透系数的理论计算提供了一个简明实用的计算工具。     

采水地面沉降时空预测模型研究

地下水开采引起的地面沉降对地面建（构）筑物的正常使用和结构安全构成了严重威胁,深入研究采水地面沉降预测理论对于沉降灾害防治具有重要意义。针对本构模型和土体参数确定上的困难,采用力学推理和数学统计相结合的方法,建立了新的采水地面沉降时空预测模型。首先,利用太沙基固结微分方程,建立了反映地面沉降时间效应的半经验计算模型;其次,在分析采水地面沉降空间分布规律的基础上,利用随机介质理论研究了采水地面沉降空间分布特征;再次,综合考虑采水地面沉降的时间效应和空间分布形态,建立了采水地面沉降的时空预测模型。利用该模型计算地面沉降共需4个计算参数,介绍了参数求解方法。最后,利用时空计算模型预测了某地单井采水引起地面沉降的时空规律。研究表明,所建立的采水地面沉降预测模型能准确地反映采水地面沉降的时空规律,能方便、快捷地预测地下水开采引起的地面沉降。     

Effects of medium and pore‐fluid compressibility on chemical‐dissolution front instability in fluid‐saturated porous media

Theoretical analysis and computational simulations have been carried out to investigate how medium and pore‐fluid compressibility affects the chemical‐dissolution front propagation, which is associated with a fully‐coupled nonlinear problem between porosity, pore‐fluid pressure, pore‐fluid density and reactive chemical‐species transport within a deformable and fluid‐saturated porous medium. When the fully‐coupled nonlinear system is in a subcritical state, some analytical solutions have been derived for a special case, in which the ratio of the equilibrium concentration to the solid molar density of the chemical species is approaching zero. To investigate the effect of either medium compressibility or pore‐fluid compressibility on the evolutions of chemical dissolution fronts in supercritical chemical dissolution systems, numerical algorithms and procedures have been also proposed. The related theoretical and numerical results have demonstrated that: (i) not only can pore‐fluid compressibility affect the propagating speeds of chemical dissolution fronts in both subcritical and supercritical systems, but also it can affect the growth and amplitudes of irregular chemical dissolution fronts in supercritical systems; (ii) medium compressibility may have a little influence on the propagating speeds of chemical dissolution fronts, but it can have significant effects on the growth and amplitudes of irregular chemical dissolution fronts in supercritical systems; and (iii) both medium and pore‐fluid compressibility may stabilize irregular chemical‐dissolution‐fronts in supercritical chemical dissolution systems. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mechanical trapping of fine particles in a medium of mono‐sized randomly packed spheres

Mechanical trapping (or straining) of fine particles is a key mechanism in many filtration systems. For example, the performance of rapid sand filters depends in part on mechanical trapping of larger fine particles, while relying on adsorptive processes to trap very small fine particles and microbes. The ability to trap these particles is directly related to the construction of the packed bed used for filtration in this system. Thus, the ability to model the effect of the inner structure of the packed bed can lead to more efficient design for improved filtration. Because of its significant efficiency, gravitational sphere packing is employed in this work to simulate a bed of mono‐sized randomly packed spheres. The simulated bed provides a way to visualize the pore network and estimate the pore size distribution associated with the void space between particles. Furthermore, by subsequently introducing fine particles into the bed, we evaluate the mass‐rate of fine particles passing through and possibly saturating the packed bed. Results show that fine particles between 15% and 25% of the coarse particle size can be physically strained within the randomly packed bed. These results differ significantly from the results obtained assuming a periodically spaced bed. The technique therefore provides an efficient yet accurate alternative for understanding how fine particles pass through a coarse particulate medium. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evaluation of equivalent medium methods for stress wave propagation in jointed rock mass

This paper evaluates the existing equivalent medium methods for jointed rock mass and further develops the equivalent viscoelastic medium method proposed by the authors. The advantages and limitations of different equivalences to the discontinuous rock mass are discussed. Theoretical derivation of stress wave propagation through the equivalent viscoelastic medium is carried out by adopting the Fourier transformation method, and the parameters of the equivalent viscoelastic medium method are determined analytically. The frequency dependence and the wave attenuation phenomenon can be properly described when the imaginary terms of the complex moduli of the rock mass are included. The results show that the equivalent viscoelastic medium method is able to predict the effective velocity and the stress wave transmission coefficient in a rock mass more accurately than the conventional effective elastic moduli methods. An example of the stress wave propagation through rock mass with parallel joints shows that the equivalent viscoelastic medium method is promising and worthy to be further explored for application in practical rock engineering problems. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

低渗透变形介质渗透率时变效应规律及对油田开发的影响

针对低渗透油田开发过程中存在的时变效应,以室内实验为基础,结合数值模拟方法研究了低渗透油藏渗透率时变效应规律及其对油田开发效果的影响.结果表明,上覆压力越大,渗透率时变伤害率越大,上覆压力增大至一定值之后,上覆压力的变化对渗透率伤害率的影响不大.渗透率越小,渗透率时变伤害率越大.当渗透率小于0.1×10-3 μm2时,渗透率时变伤害明显增大,同时难以恢复到原渗透率条件,裂缝性岩心时变伤害大且伤害后恢复更加困难.时变效应对渗透率的伤害主要集中在井筒附近,无因次半径越小,渗透率伤害越大;在相同的生产压差下,时变效应系数越大,油井产量越低.     

基于Gassmann方程岩石速度倒转现象成因分析

Gassmann理论主要用于处理流体替换问题,在进行流体替换研究中发现总会在一定情况下出现"倒转现象"。解释为在一定的孔隙度情况下,100%含气岩石速度大于100%含水岩石速度,这同岩石物理实验室测试结果相违背。因此针对不同的岩样数据及测井资料,图示分析了完全饱和岩石速度倒转成因,发现替换后饱和岩石密度差异过大会造成此现象。同时在对碳酸盐岩储层岩石进行了饱和度替换数值模拟后发现,模拟结果同实验室测试数据趋势一致,只是碳酸盐岩对孔隙度大小分类不同。因此强调了流体替换正演模拟的重要性,在一定物理意义下的替换才有实际价值。