人工主余震作用下桥墩结构损伤预测评估分析

主余震作用下,断层距（R_JB）和余震次数的不同对结构造成的损伤也大不相同,进行主余震序列下桥梁损伤评估时需要考虑断层距、余震次数等影响因素。基于OpenSees平台,以一座连续梁桥为例,根据人工主余震构造时不同的影响因素,选用余震衰减和PGA调幅的人工主余震构造法构造主余震序列进行结构损伤分析,并与实际主余震事件的损伤结果作对比,研究人工构造主余震序列预测结构损伤的可行性。结果表明：基于PGA调幅构造主余震的方法,当考虑余震衰减时,能够较好模拟出结构在实际主余震地震作用下造成的最终损伤,能够较合理的预测结构在实际主余震序列中的损伤指标;对区域主余震作用下的桥梁进行损伤评估时,需要考虑断层距和余震次数影响因素,桥梁距断层距R_JB越近时结构的损伤状态越严重,余震发生次数越多则结构的损伤增量就越大,并且结构在人工主余震作用下R_JB越大的地方,结构损伤增量误差程度越小,预测的损伤状态就越接近实际的损伤状态。     

板式橡胶支座对斜交连续梁桥地震反应的影响

为充分了解板式橡胶支座对斜交连续梁桥地震反应的影响,利用OpenSees软件建立简化的斜交桥计算模型进行时程分析,研究板式橡胶支座摩擦滑移效应,以及支座动摩擦系数、剪切刚度、局部脱空等参数对斜交桥地震反应的影响。结果表明:板式橡胶支座考虑摩擦滑移后,不仅桥面位移和转角显著增大,而且出现残余位移和残余转角;随着支座剪切刚度的增大,桥面位移和转角均明显减小;随着桥墩处支座动摩擦系数的增大,桥面位移、转角均呈增长趋势,然而桥台处支座动摩擦系数的影响与之相反;桥墩处局部支座脱空对斜交桥的影响明显大于桥台支座。     

准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷三叠系源上砂砾岩扇—断—压三控大面积成藏模式

准噶尔盆地玛湖富烃凹陷下三叠统百口泉组新近发现了我国首个源上大面积连续型砂砾岩油藏群,是对全球"连续型"油气藏研究的新补充,但其成藏机理和模式并不很清楚。为加强对其的理论认识,并为下步勘探提供参考,基于油气生、储、盖、圈、运、保等基础石油地质条件,并结合油气藏特征,进行了成藏条件与成藏模式的综合研究。结果表明,优质充足的下二叠统风城组碱湖油气来源、规模有效的扇三角洲前缘砂砾岩储层、多重组合的扇三角洲平原致密砾岩、泥岩和断裂封盖保存、沟通良好的高角度断裂输导体系、平缓连续的构造背景奠定了大面积连续成藏的地质基础。在此背景下,高成熟的风城组所生成油气,在切穿烃源灶和储层的高角度压扭性断裂沟通下,优先充注物性相对好的扇三角洲前缘水下河道砂岩和砂质细砾岩,并且在地层异常高压促进下,控制着油气富集程度,使得油气成藏表现为大型缓坡浅水扇三角洲沉积控制下的源上扇-断-压三控大面积"连续型"。百口泉组油气藏具有的油质轻且含气、微裂缝广泛发育,以及异常高压等,决定了砾岩储层虽总体低孔低渗,但依旧能够高产。在油源断裂沟通的斜坡区上倾方向,叠合地层异常高压以及扇三角洲前缘水下河道砂砾岩的区域是下步有利勘探方向。     

中国大陆GNSS连续站观测噪声的时空分布

为了全面分析我国大陆及其周边GNSS连续站噪声的空间分布规律,该文基于陆态网络260个GNSS连续站和周边区域10个IGS站的观测数据,利用GAMIT/GLOBK软件进行解算,得到各站的坐标值及其N、E、U 3分量误差值,制定筛选标准,依据该标准剔除质量差的测站,剔除异常值;利用Matlab软件,按照东向(E分量)、北向(N分量)、垂向(U分量)3个方向进行拟合,并提取各测站单日解的最大误差值出现的年积日,绘制其在我国大陆的空间分布图,得到中国大陆GNSS连续站最大单日误差值的时空分布特性图。发现大部分GNSS连续站单日最大误差值集中在夏季(7月居多)并分析了原因。     

Mapping cropping intensity trends in China during 1982–2013

Long range continuous monitoring information of cropping intensity is useful for sustainable agricultural management but still limited. This study filled this information gap through delivering spatiotemporal continuous datasets of cropping intensity in China during the past 30 years. Cropping intensity data were derived by a wavelet features-based method based on the long-term weekly global EVI2 (Enhance Vegetation Index with two bands) at 0.05° spatial resolution (5 km) from 1982 to 1999 and 8-day composite 500 m Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) surface reflectance products from 2001 to 2013. The remote-sensing estimated images in 2013 agreed well with field survey data (overall accuracy = 91.63%) and the national agricultural census data (r² = 0.89). Results revealed that the cropping intensity remarkably increased during 1982–1999 but slightly declined during 2001–2013. The overall cropping intensity increased from 1.34 in the 1980s to 1.41 in the 1990s, and then dropped to an average of 1.36 after 2000. From 1982 to 1999, approximately 93,225 km² single-cropped areas changed to double-cropping, primarily those located in the North China plain. However, 39,883 km² double-cropped areas were turned back into single-cropping areas from 2001 to 2013, principally located in the North China plain, the Middle-lower Yangtze River plain, and the hill regions of the southern Yangtze River. This reverse trend of cropping intensity was due to combined effects from the corresponding reverse variations in agricultural population, increasing agricultural mechanical power, positive agricultural policy. The agricultural duty free policy has only immediate effects on stabilizing cropping intensity in croplands with more favorable biophysical conditions.     

日本虎杖覆盖对连作的影响——日本西阿瓦陡坡土地农业系统传统耕作评价

禾本科物种(例如银草、芦苇)在日本传统的地膜覆盖农业中普遍使用,西阿瓦地区是全球重要的农业遗产系统(GIAHS)所在地。传统上,这里的农民使用银草覆盖农业土壤。但当地农民从长期的经验中了解到,日本虎杖覆盖更适合该地区茄科作物的种植。目前尚不清楚日本虎杖覆盖物为何对茄科作物的种植有益。在本项研究中,我们假设日本虎杖覆盖物可能会有效避免连续种植马铃薯的危害。因为过去每年都会种植两次本地马铃薯,因此,我们调查了日本虎杖覆盖对连续种植马铃薯以及番茄种植后对马铃薯产量的影响。在2018年进行的田间试验中,我们首先在连续马铃薯栽培的土壤和未耕种的土壤中比较了日本虎杖覆盖、银草覆盖和无草覆盖(对照)对马铃薯产量的影响,结果表明日本虎杖覆盖减少了马铃薯产量的降低程度。其次,我们比较了番茄种植后的土壤和未耕种的土壤中的虎杖覆盖和无草覆盖对马铃薯产量的影响,结果再次表明了日本虎杖覆盖减少了马铃薯生长和产量下降的程度。这些发现表明用日本虎杖覆盖有助于避免连续种植马铃薯的风险。     

Exploring maps by sounds: using parameter mapping sonification to make digital elevation models audible

This study empirically investigates the potential of auditory displays for spatial data exploration, as an additional means to broaden the accessibility and dissemination of geographic information for a diverse body of users. In a mixed factorial experiment, three parameter mapping sonification methods are empirically evaluated to interactively explore discrete and continuous digital elevation models by auditory means. Contrasting prior sonification research, this study’s unique empirical evidence suggests that participants can indeed successfully interpret sonified displays containing continuous spatial data. Specifically, the auditory variable pitch leads to significantly better response accuracy, compared to the sound variable duration. Background and training has a weak effect on data interpretation performance with the auditory display. The more immersive the experienced soundscape, the better participants can interpret the sonified terrain. These encouraging empirical results indeed suggest that interactive auditory displays might offer additional means to disseminate spatial information, and to increase the accessibility to spatial data, beyond the currently dominant visual paradigm.     

Random encounters in probabilistic time geography

Probabilistic time geography considers the encounter of moving agents to be random; therefore, a quantitative time geography analysis must consider the actual encounter probability. The existing algorithm of encounter probability is oriented over a discrete space and is sensitive to the unit definition of a virtual grid; thus, it is not suitable for continuous space. For this reason, a new method is presented in this paper for the encounter of two moving agents in continuous space. When the encounters are less than a specified distance threshold apart, an encounter event occurs based on the probability of the product, which is calculated by their respective probability density functions over their respective potential location areas. This probability provides a quantitative basis for predicting the likelihood of two agents meeting, as well as the location of this meeting point. Finally, the validity of the proposed model is verified by an experiment, which uses tracking data to calculate the encounter probabilities of three zebras and analyse the distribution characteristics of these probabilities over time and space.     

那曲市历年冰雹日数变化特征及冰雹、雷暴环境条件分析

利用那曲市7个国家气象观测站建站至2015年的冰雹日数资料,分析了那曲市冰雹日数时空分布特征及气候突变情况,并分析了2012—2016年色尼区单站冰雹日、雷雨日个例,揭示了色尼区冰雹、雷暴发生前的环境条件。结果表明:那曲市年平均冰雹日数呈减少趋势,减少趋势最明显的是申扎县,每10 a减少4. 9天,减少趋势最弱的为色尼区和班戈县,每10 a减少1. 9天,减少趋势均通过了0. 01的显著性检验;不同区域各代表站均显示减少趋势且出现突变现象;那曲市冰雹天气具有明显的季节特征,大多集中在6—9月;降雹时间多集中在14—20时,占全天的78%。对那曲市色尼区冰雹日和雷雨(无降雹)日个例分析表明,高原较强对流发生在0℃层高度低(多在1.5 km高度以下)、CAPE值小(多在500 J·kg~(-1)以下)、风垂直切变弱的环境下,与平原地区大冰雹环境差异显著,因而高原冰雹绝大部分为直径5 mm以下的小冰雹,严格意义上应称为霰;雷雨天气低层较雹日的更暖湿,其温度露点差略小于雹日的,露点比雹日的高,因而雹日抬升凝结高度高于雷雨日的。     

国际标准电子海图显示中几个关键技术的实现

针对我国建立基于标准电子海图显示信息系统(ECDIS)的关键技术问题,提出了相应的解决方案,包括自主知识产权的国际标准电子海图显示平台,符合国际海道测量组织(IHO)颁布的S-57、S-52和国际海事组织(IMO)颁布的(A)817、(A)694的数字海图显示标准。