对水压致裂法测得的应力结果之重新估价

本文讨论了水压致裂进行的绝对应力测量结果的可靠性,指出目前水压致裂法是深部绝对应力测量的较好方法。但应用现在通用的资料处理方法时,它可能给出偏小的最大水平主应力S_H和偏大的最小水平主应力S_hi特别是两个水平主应力差别较大的地区,这个偏差更加显著。以这样的数据,按照库伦强度准则和Byerlee定律去估价地区稳定性,易于得出与事实不符的结论。本文指出了造成上述测量误差的可能原因,并提出了降低测量误差,改进计算结果的办法。     

An improved method of measuring tropospheric NO2 and RO2 by matrix isolation and electron spin resonance

A cryogenic system for the airborne and ground based sampling of ambient radicals by matrix isolation is described. The trapped radicals, e.g., NO₂ and RO₂, are analyzed by ESR. The technique has been improved, mainly by addition of water vapor to the sampled air, to yield a collection efficiency of (90±10)% and a lower detection limit of about 20 ppt, but it still does not distinguish between the different RO₂. Careful calibration reduced the measurement error (1 ) to ±10% for NO₂ and ±15% for HO₂. Two diurnal variations of RO₂ and NO₂ at ground level and vertical profiles in the lower troposphere are presented.     

Evaluation of the tungsten oxide denuder tube technique as a method for the measurement of low concentrations of nitric acid in the troposphere

The applicability of the tungsten oxide denuder tube technique for the measurement of nitric acid in the rural troposphere was investigated. The technique is based on selective chemisorption of HNO₃ from the gas stream, thermal desorption, conversion to NO, and analysis by NO–O₃ chemiluminescence. Ammonia, which is also collected and desorbed as NH₃ and NO, was separated from the HNO₃-derived NO by linear temperature-programed thermal desorption. Possible interferences by NO₂, HCN, PAN, and n-propyl nitrate (NPN) were tested and found to be significant under conditions found in the lower troposphere. Simultaneous ambient measurements of HNO₃ were made with the tungsten oxide denuder tube and nylon filter methods at a rural site in the Colorado mountains (Niwot Ridge, CO). Nitric acid levels measured by the tungsten oxide denuder tube averaged a factor of 3 higher than levels measured by the nylon filter technique. Tests involving the placement of nylon materials in front of the tungsten oxide denuder tube show that there are species, as yet unidentified, present in the atmosphere that interfere with the measurement of HNO₃ by the tungsten oxide technique.     

射流泵流场的PIV测量

利用粒子图像速度场仪(PIV)对射流泵渐缩锥形入口、等径直管内有限空间水射流进行测量。该射流泵喉管面积与喷嘴面积之比为4.75,基于射流泵喷嘴直径D和喷嘴出口流速计算的雷诺数为3.68×105。通过流量比在0.20～0.80之间的变化来研究流量比对流场的影响。获得了射流泵对称面流场的速度矢量、轴心速度分布和轴向速度等值线图。结果表明:当射流泵的面积比确定后,射流泵内有限空间射流结构只与射流泵的流量比有关,流量比愈小,其轴心速度衰减得愈快,高速射流区愈短。测量结果为射流泵理论研究和优化设计提供可靠依据。     

工业测量基线确定的形状探讨

工业测量的一项重要内容就是确定仪器站之间的长度，也称之为基线测量，以确定测站的相对坐标。文中主要从理论上就基线测定的方法、精度和最佳交会构形进行了探讨。最后提出了实际基线测量应注意的若干问题。     

RTK技术的特点及提高成果精度的技术关键

RTK技术以其实时、高效等优点，已在测绘领域得到了广泛的应用。但是，RTK测量缺少必要的检核条件，作业时如果操作失误或某些技术问题处理不当，都会给测量成果带来严重影响。在此，介绍了RTK的技术特点，并探讨了提高RTK测量成果精度的技术关键。     

星载重力测量和固体地球的透视

为了进一步改进地球重力场模型 ,美国科学院 (NRC)于 1997年提出一个报告 ,号召美国和欧洲学者们组成一个由空间探测地球重力场委员会。他们评比了大约 10个计划的或想象的卫星重力任务 ,最后提出了 5种卫星重力任务的方案 ,称为专用重力任务。本文介绍这 5种任务的内容以及地球科学将由这些任务获得重大进展的研究领域。     

超声波自动雨量计的电路工作原理

介绍了超声波自动雨量计的电路构成及自动测量降雨量的电路实现过程。     

防雷接地电阻测量误差分析

通过多年来理论研究和防雷装置检测实践,分析出接地电阻测量误差源原因并总结在不利测量条件下消除或限制测量误差的方法,以求接地电阻测量获得客观准确值。     

Evolution of the Komiji Syncline in the North Fossa Magna, central Japan: Paleomagnetic and K–Ar age insights

Abstract We carried out paleomagnetic measurements and K–Ar dating on Neogene andesitic lavas and sills of the Shigarami Formation in North Fossa Magna, central Japan. The Shigarami Formation is distributed in the axial part of the Komiji Syncline in the folding zone of the southwestern North Fossa Magna. Results of the present study indicate that the Komiji Syncline was formed shortly after 4.42 ± 0.12 Ma during the Pliocene. The sedimentary rocks of the Shigarami Formation consist of shallow marine and fluvial deposits. Intrusions of andesitic sills are found in the shallow marine deposits and two andesitic lava flows are present in the fluvial deposits. Oriented samples were taken from the sills at four sites and from the lavas at three sites. The samples produced stable remanent magnetization through stepwise alternating field and thermal demagnetizations. Results of a positive fold test indicate that the stable remanent magnetizations concentrate around a mean reversed polarity of declination = 169.0°, inclination = ?58.5° and 95% confidence limit = 9.0° after corrections have been made according to the direction of the bedding of the sedimentary rocks. Four fresh samples were selected for K–Ar dating from the samples used for paleomagnetic measurements. The groundmass of three samples taken from the sills yield ages of 4.42 ± 0.12, 4.49 ± 0.22 and 4.69 ± 0.13 Ma, whereas the one taken from the lower lava has an age of 5.91 ± 0.26 Ma. We believe that the Komiji Syncline was formed after the emplacement of lavas and sills in the area, because the descending Miocene strata were folded concordantly with the Shigarami Formation. The Pliocene and Pleistocene strata rest unconformably on the folded strata. The deformation might have progressed during the Pliocene, then slowed down in the Early Pleistocene. Our results suggest that the northwestward motion of the Philippine Sea Plate and the collision of the Tanzawa Block affected not only the South Fossa Magna, but also the North Fossa Magna.