Le jeu fini-Crétacé du front nord-pyrénéen aux environs de Cucugnan (Corbières méridionales,Aude, France)

The North-Pyrenean Front overthrust in northern direction was particularly active during the Upper Cretaceous, before the Upper Eocene tectonic renewal. Indeed, in the Eastern Pyrenees (Aude), ‘Garumnian’ (continental Upper Cretaceous–Palaeocene) formations lie transgressively upon the North-Pyrenean Triassic (Keuper) formation and upon the Albian beds of the Sub-Pyrenean Cucugnan slice. Relations between the North-Pyrenean Frontal Thrust and, to the northeast, the Corbières Nappe are discussed. To cite this article: A. Charrière, M. Durand-Delga, C. R. Geoscience 336 (2004).     

岩石圈结构与大陆动力学

对1999年7月第22届IUGG大会以后的4年期内，中国地球物理研究在岩石圈结构和大陆动力学方面的主要进展作了简要评述．这些研究进展主要表现在以下几个方面:区域性岩石圈物性结构的研究，利用深地震测深剖面对地壳、上地幔速度结构的勘查，利用GPS观测研究大陆内部的现今运动和变形，青藏高原动力学研究，大别——苏鲁超高压变质带的地球物理勘查及动力学机理研究，沉积盆地的地球物理勘查及演化过程研究，以及板块动力学研究, 等等．      

变质岩区地震波速度的特点及其影响因素--以中国大陆科学钻探孔区为例

地震波速度是地震勘探中最重要的一个参数，而VSP测量是一种比较直接且行之有效的获取地震波速度的方法。文中结合中国大陆科学钻探工程预先导孔和先导孔的VSP速度分析成果，总结超高压变质岩地区地震波速度的主要特征；探讨影响变质岩地震波速度的因素。认为除密度和岩性外，变质作用的类型和强度是决定性因素，而变质期后和／或后期的各种构造地质作用对变质岩地震波速度的影响是显著的，但范围常常又是局部的。     

Continental dynamics and continental earthquakes

Two key research projects in geoscience field in China since the IUGG meeting in Birmingham in 1999, the pro-ject of“East Asian Continental Geodynamics“ and the project of“Mechanism and Prediction of Strong Continental Earthquakes“ are introduced in this paper. Some details of two projects, such as their sub-projects, some initial research results published are also given here. Because of the large magnitude of the November 14, 2001 Kunlun Mountain Pass Ms=8. 1 earthquake, in the third part of this paper, some initial research results are reviewed for the after-shock monitoring and the multi-discipline field survey, the impact and disaster of this earthquake on the con-struction site of Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) railway and some other infrastructure.     

DEEP TECTONOTHERMAL MECHANISM FOR THE TECTONIC EXTENSION OF THE EASTERN ASIAN CONTINENTAL MARGIN

The continental marginal extension concept developed by Chinese geologists recently may be applied to the explanation about the Cenozoic extension and divergent movement of the Eastern Asian continental margin. From the viewpoint of continental marginal extension, this paper discusses the deep tectonothermal mechanism of the tectonic extension of the Eastern Asian continental margin. The Eastern Asian continental margin is an extensional belt with intensive magmatism and structural deformation, geophysically characterized by continual earthquakes and obvious geothermal anomaly. Seismic tomographical results about the Eastern Asian continental margin imply that the Pacific Plate is subducted toward the Eurasian Plate at a low angle and the diving Pacific Plate lies on the surface of the 670-km phase transitional zone. We interpret this feature to be resulted from retrogressive subduction followed by continental marginal extension. Our thermal modeling and geodynamical computation results suggest that the retrogressive subduction occurred at about 76Ma and the withdrawal of the trench served to supply the volume for the continental growth, which led to the formation of the growing front of the Eastern Asian continental margin. The growth width of the Eastern Asian continental margin is about 700 km.     

济阳坳陷济阳运动的动力学成因试析

济阳运动是济阳坳陷新生代发展演化过程中一次极为重要的构造变动，具有区域性、块断性和阶段性的特点。济阳运动的形成是深部岩石圈动力学过程在近地表构造的反映。在沙四段沉积末期随岩石圈之下的热异常逐渐加大，岩石圈热结构发生变化，有效弹性厚度逐渐降低，模拟结果认为降低幅度可达8km，岩石圈的变形机制由弹性变形向塑性蠕变转变，这一转变导致的盆地地形变化响应可能是济阳运动形成的重要动力学因素。     

Cenozoic Volcanism in South China Sea and Its Vicinity and South China Sea Spreading

The rock series, rock types and Sr-Nd isotopic dating of the Cenozoic volcanic rocks in the South China Sea are similar to those in its vicinity. On the basis of the spreading age of the South China Sea, the Cenozoic volcanic rocks are divided into three stages: the pre-spreading stage, the spreading stage and the post-spreading stage. The deep process characteristics of the asthenosphere and lithosphere may be inferred from the study on primary basaltic magma. The top layers of the asthenosphere both in the spreading stage and in the pre-spreading stage are closer to the earth surface than that in the post-spreading stage. From the pre-spreading stage to the spreading stage, the top layer of the asthenosphere decreased in depth, while the amount of interstitial partial melts increased. The evolution of the primary basaltic magma shows a progressive evolution sequence of the rifting volcanism and a faster lithospheric spreading velocity. From the spreading stage to the post-spreading stage, the top layer of the asthenosphere gradually increased in depth, but the amount of interstitial partial melts decreased. The evolution of primary basaltic magma shows a retrogressive evolution sequence of the rifting volcanism and a gradual decrease in the lithospheric spreading velocity. The depth recognized by the study on the Cenozoic volcanism demonstrates the deep environment for the formation and evolution of the South China Sea.     

The elastic properties of the lithosphere beneath Scotian basin

To assess the possibility that the North Atlantic Ocean may subduct at Scotian basin east of Canada, we investigate the present compensation state of this deep basin. A Fourier domain analysis of the bathymetry, depth to basement and observed gravity anomalies over the oceanic area east of Nova Scotia indicates that the basin is not isostatically compensated. Moreover, the analysis emphasizes that in addition to the sediments, density perturbations exist beneath the basin. The load produced by the sediments and these density perturbations must have been supported by the lithosphere. We simulate the flexure of the lithosphere under this load by that of a thin elastic plate overlying an inviscid interior. It is shown that a plate with a uniform rigidity does not adequately represent the lithosphere beneath the basin as well as the oceanic lithosphere far from the basin, rather the rigidity of the lithosphere directly beneath the basin is about one to two orders of magnitude smaller than elsewhere. We relate this weakening to the thermal blanketing effects of the thick sediments and the fact that the lithosphere has a temperature-dependent rheology. We suggest that this weak zone would have a controlling effect on the reactivation of normal faults at the hinge zone of the basin, that were formed during the break-up of Africa and North America and were locked in the early stages after the break-up. The weak zone would facilitate reactivation of the faults if tensional stresses were produced by possible reorientation of the spreading direction of the North Atlantic Ocean in the future. The reactivation of the faults would create a free boundary condition at the hinge zone, allowing further bending of the lithosphere beneath the basin and juxtaposition of this lithosphere to the mantle beneath the continent. This may provide a favorable situation for initiation of slow subduction due to subsequent compressional forces.     

大陆科学钻探施工用钻探技术和施工战略

国外实施大陆科学钻探采用的钻探技术有地质岩心钻探技术，石油钻探技术，组合式钻探技术，以及前苏联和俄罗斯的具有鲜明特色的科学深钻技术，分别介绍了它们各自的技术特点及优缺点，并介绍了科学深孔和超深孔的2种施工战略，即超前孔裸眼钻进方法和双孔方案。     

Upper mantle low anisotropy channels below the Pacific Plate

A new 3D anisotropic model has been obtained at a global scale by using a massive dataset of seismic surface waves. Though seismic heterogeneities are usually interpreted in terms of heterogeneous temperature field, a large part of lateral variations are also induced by seismic anisotropy of upper mantle minerals. New insight into convection processes can be gained by taking seismic anisotropy into account in the inversion procedure. The model is best resolved in the Pacific Plate, the largest and the most active tectonic plate. Superimposed on the large-scale radial (ξ parameter) and azimuthal anisotropy (of V_SV velocity) within and below the lithosphere, correlated with present or past Pacific Plate motions, are smaller-scale (<1000 km) lateral variations of anisotropy not predicted by plate tectonics. Channels of low anisotropy down to a depth of 200 km (hereafter referred to as LAC) are observed and are the best resolved anomalies: one east-west channel between Easter Island and the Tonga-Kermadec subduction zones (observed on both radial and azimuthal anisotropies) and a second one (only observed on azimuthal anisotropy) extending from the south-west Pacific up to south-east Hawaii, and passing through the Polynesia hotspot group for plate older than about 40 Ma. These features provide strong constraints on the decoupling between the plate and asthenosphere. They are presumably related to cracking within the Pacific Plate and/or to secondary convection below the rigid lithosphere, predicted by numerical and analog experiments. The existence and location of these LACs might be related to the current active volcanoes and hotspots (possibly plumes) in the Central Pacific. LACs, which are dividing the Pacific Plate into smaller units, might indicate a future reorganization of plates with ridge migrations in the Pacific Ocean.