环境化学因子对单胞藻生长和代谢产物络合容量的影响

通过一次培养、极谱滴定测定研究一次培养过程中叉边金藻细胞渗出物对铜、镉的络合容量及常数的变化;培养介质的营养水平;加入微量营养元素铁、锰和重金属铜对细胞生长和渗出物释放的影响。结果表明,在一次培养过程中,从接种到稳定生长期细胞渗出物的铜络合容量从1.49×10~(-7)mol/dm~3增加到8.34×10~(-7)mol/dm~3,条件稳定常数LgK′_(CuL)从7.57变化到7.11。培养介质的营养水平愈高,单个细胞渗出的有机物量增加,铁明显抑制细胞渗出物的释放,铜在细胞中可容忍的浓度范围内刺激细胞渗出物的释放。     

A Simple Eddy Viscosity Model of Rough Turbulent Wave Boundary Layer

- A one-layer time-invariant eddy viscosity model is specified to develop a mathematical model for describing the essential features of the turbulent wave boundary layer over a rough bed. The functional form of the eddy viscosity is evaluated based on computational results from a two-equation turbulence model in which the eddy viscosity varies with time and space. The present eddy viscosity model simplifies much of the mathematical complexity in many existing models. Predictions from the present model have been compared with a wide range of experimental data. It is found that the eddy viscosity model adopted in the present study is physically reasonable.     

在恒离子强度下KCl+KNO_3水溶液中KCl的活度系数及KNO_2~0的缔合常数测定

作者用无液界电池电动势法测定了25℃恒离子强度(I=0.1,0.3,0.5和0.7)条件下KCl+KNO_3水溶液中KCl的平均质量摩尔浓度标度的活度系数,发现其活度系数的对数与混合溶液中KNO_3的浓度服从下列公式的关系: Lgγ1±=Lgγ_(1±)~0-a_(12)m_2-β12m_2~2且用最小二乘法求得了各离子强度条件下相应的哈奈特系数。还用Pitzer公式计算了混合溶液中KCl的平均活度系数及超额自由能,计算的活度系数与实验值之间的标准偏差为±0.006。较高的超额自由能表明该体系有较大的混合效应,同时表明在低浓度下K~+-NO_3离子对也可能发生较强的相互作用。已用简单的循环逼近法求算了KNO_3~0的化学计量缔合常数,其结果可用下列经验公式表示: LnK~*=a+bI_e已求得在海水离子强度(I_c=0.68)下KNO_3~0之K~*=2.4,用外推法求得25℃时KNO_3~0的热力学缔合常数值K_a=0.40。     

济南西部地区不同类型污染源作用下土壤各类元素含量特征及选择性种植浅析

通过分析研究区不同类型污染源条件下各类土壤元素含量的顺序,认为重金属在各类污染源土壤剖面中含量的顺序主要为:垃圾堆放污染类污水排放污染类禽畜粪便污染类;水溶性相对较强的K+,Mg2+,Na+,Cl-,SO2-4等离子,受污水排放类污染的影响明显,含量顺序为:污水排放污染类禽畜粪便污染类垃圾堆放污染类;NO-3在土壤中含量的顺序为:禽畜粪便污染类污水排放污染类垃圾堆放污染类;土壤主要常量养分在土壤中含量的顺序为:污水排放污染类垃圾堆放污染类禽畜粪便污染类。选择性种植的观点认为,在土壤肥力充足但重金属元素富集的土地,选择对该重金属元素富集较少的蔬菜(瓜果)进行种植,一方面充分利用了土壤肥力,另一方面较好地规避了重金属对作物的污染。     

瞬态地幔对流引起的大尺度核幔边界起伏的数值模拟

利用2个较新的S波层析模型SEMUCB_WM1和S40RTS进行瞬态地幔对流在三维球坐标系下的数值模拟,得到全球大尺度核幔边界(core-mantle boundary,CMB)起伏,其幅度约为-5~5 km,形态分布主要表现为太平洋区域和非洲南部下方核幔边界的隆升及环绕这2个区域的核幔边界凹陷。     

360°小棱镜常数的测定方法探讨

作为全站仪测量系统的重要组成部分,反射棱镜在精密工程测量中发挥着极为重要的作用。准确测定棱镜的加常数,对于提高测距精度具有重要意义。常见的测定方法对场地条件要求较高,本文提出一种改进方法,通过观测2个固定位置的360°小棱镜,即可运用最小二乘法准确求解棱镜常数。该方法场地限制条件少,能因地制宜、方便快捷地开展施测,在工程实践中更具应用潜力。     

河北雨洪模型中下渗公式的一种改进方法

下渗强度的计算是干旱半干旱地区超渗产流计算的关键环节。河北雨洪模型中的流域下渗强度计算公式由两部分组成,一部分为由张力引起的下渗强度,另一部分为由重力引起的下渗强度(稳定下渗能力)。计算以上两部分下渗强度时,公式所用的雨量有重复,致使总下渗强度普遍偏大,从而导致模型模拟的洪水过程的洪量及洪峰偏小。提出一个改进的流域下渗强度计算公式,计算张力引起的下渗时所用雨强为总雨强与稳定下渗能力的差值。利用改进前后的计算公式,分别对2mm/h到10mm/h雨强及0mm到140mm表层土湿条件下的下渗强度进行计算,并对结果进行对比分析。大阁流域的实例应用结果表明,改进后的下渗强度计算公式,对模拟洪水过程的洪量和洪峰流量的增加效果明显,增加值分别为实测值的14.14%和10.08%。     

稀土提高富铁胎体包镶金刚石能力的试验研究

研究了富铁胎体中添加稀土以后的差热分析曲线,得出了稀土可以提高富铁胎体在高温时的定压热容和降低低温时的定压热容的结论,从而揭示了稀土可以提高富铁胎体包镶金刚石能力的物理本质。力学性能测试结果表明:添加稀土的富铁胎体及其金刚石复合材料的抗弯强度、冲击韧性和孔隙度均有明显的改善。      

Stress history effects on 1‐D consolidation of soft soils: a rheological model

Stress history plays an important role in controlling the consolidation behavior of soft clays, but few models exist that can provide quantitative estimate of its influence. In this paper, the Gibson–Lo rheological model is used to simulate the coupled processes of drainage and creep of soft soils that takes stress history into account. A hybrid combination of analytical and numerical methods is adopted to solve the governing equations of consolidation with the nonlinear rheological model. The methodology is applied to a saturated soft soil subjected to surface loading. The soil profile is separated into normally consolidated and overconsolidated layers by a boundary that is allowed to move. Comparisons of the model predictions and its simulations are used to evaluate the effects of stress history, model parameters, and loading pattern on consolidation behavior. It is shown that stress history influences the location of the moving boundary, variations of the profiles of excess pore water pressure dissipation, stress and deformation‐based average degrees of consolidation. Parametric studies conducted show that when soil is stiffer, the excess pore water pressure dissipates much more quickly, and thus the soil consolidates much faster especially at the early stages. The results also show that soil viscosity influences the deformation‐based average degree of consolidation at the latter stages. The consolidation process of soil layer under linear loading is shown to lag behind those under instantaneous loading: the longer the loading period is, the smaller the average degrees of consolidation are no matter how they are defined. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.