砂土地基的黏性特性及其有限元模拟

采用非线性弹塑黏性有限元法模拟了砂土地基变速率加载室内试验,再现了砂土地基荷载-沉降曲线对加载速率突变、砂土蠕变以及应力松弛等加载情况下的响应和瞬时黏性中砂土黏性随加载进行的衰减现象。在有限元分析中,以非线性三要素模型为理论框架构建了可以综合考虑砂土黏性特性的弹塑黏性本构模型,用动态松弛法进行有限元求解,最后通过有限元与室内试验的对比分析研究了砂土地基所具有的黏性特性,同时验证了非线性三要素弹塑黏性模型用于模拟砂土黏性特征的合理性和正确性。     

A comprehensive study on the parameters setting in smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method applied to hydrodynamics problems

Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) is a meshfree, Lagrangian particle method which has advantages in handling solids with extremely large deformation. Like any other numerical methods, cares must be taken to ensure its desirable accuracy and stability through considering several correction techniques in calculation. The selection of values for parameters in those correction approaches is a key step in SPH simulation, which is always difficult for new beginners to deal well with effectively. This paper examines the common inconsistency and instability problems in SPH method and studies its computational efficiency when applied to hydrodynamics problems with material strength like soil column collapse. We analyzed in detail how the correction techniques mitigate these inconsistency and instability problems. Also, the numerical testing results associate with different values for the parameters used in the correction techniques are provided for better understanding the influence of these parameters and for finding out the desirable values. It is found that (1) the SPH method is easily subjected to an inconsistency problem in the boundary area due to the boundary deficiency, and it can be treated well by adopting “virtual particles” contributing to the particle summations. (2) The numerical oscillation in SPH simulation can be mitigated effectively by artificial viscosity with the suggested parameter values. (3) The tension cracking treatment, artificial viscosity and artificial stress work well in removing the tensile instability problem in SPH method. In addition, the nearest neighboring particle searching (NNPS) algorithm, spacing ratio, smoothing length and time step influence the efficiency and accuracy of SPH method significantly. It is shown that SPH method with suggested parameters values can produce a very good result compared with the experimental result.     

高温高盐高黏油藏缔合聚合物-表面活性剂二元驱技术

针对大港油田孔南地区高温、高盐、中低渗、稠油等制约化学驱提高采收率的瓶颈技术问题,以官109 1断块枣Ⅴ油组为目标油藏,在优选适合缔合聚合物和表面活性剂基础上,进行聚合物-表面活性剂二元驱技术室内实验和现场应用研究。通过室内实验优选,缔合聚合物AP P7和表面活性剂BHS 01二元体系溶液与常规体系相比,具有较好的耐温抗盐性,拓展了常规二元驱适用油藏的温度和矿化度范围;缔合聚合物经过岩心剪切后仍能够有效建立阻力系数和残余阻力系数;通过岩心驱替实验,体系能有效提高稠油油藏的采收率,拓宽了聚合物驱适用的原油黏度范围;矿场单井试注后,注入井注入压力和启动压力升高,纵向吸水剖面得到改善,说明该体系在高温高盐条件下仍能保持较高黏度,能够有效改善水油流度比,效果明显。     

基于粘弹性球体地球模型的震后位移与重力变化计算软件

在考虑地球曲率、成层结构、可压缩性与自重的前提下,Tanaka等［1-2］提出一套较为完备的粘弹性球体位错理论,可计算全球任意位置由地震产生的同震与震后形变（含位移、重力变化、大地水准面变化）。Gao等［3］给出了与上述理论相匹配、界面友好的计算软件,能计算30个震后时间点对应的震后形变。本研究针对Gao等的软件进行改进,可计算震后任意时间点对应的震后形变。新软件由3个部分组成：1）与32个震后时间点相对应的32套离散格林函数数值框架;2）格林函数插值计算程序,可针对上述32套格林函数数值框架进行插值运算,输出任意震后时间点对应的格林函数数值结果;3）积分计算程序,调用上述格林函数数值结果,计算任意类型地震在地表任意位置产生的同震与震后形变。一般情况下,使用者只需按要求准备辅助文件,提供发震断层模型和观测站位置信息,以及震中周围地区地幔粘滞性因子,先后运行格林函数插值计算程序和积分计算程序,即可计算出目标地震在地表任意位置产生的同震与震后形变。本文基于粘弹球体位错理论与弹性球体位错理论,分别计算2011年日本MW9.0地震引起的远场同震位移,2套结果的高度一致性证明了新程序的正确性。最后,介绍需要注意的若干事项,便于使用者掌握该软件。     

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一维问题的等效远置动力人工边界条件

在土-结构动力相互作用分析中,黏性人工边界条件和黏弹性人工边界条件虽具有计算效率和精度较高的优点,但施加边界单元的工作量较大;远置边界虽然具有处理技术简单、精度高等优点,但又存在计算成本高的问题。为克服黏性人工边界和黏弹性人工边界施加边界黏弹性单元工作量大、远置边界计算成本高的缺点,基于波的传播理论和波在介质交界面上的反射、透射原理,通过设置完全透射层并大大降低波在透射层的传播速度的方法,提出了一种等效远置动力人工边界条件并对其进行数值验证分析。研究结果表明,所提出的等效远置动力人工边界条件仅需通过合理选取透射层的参数,即可实现反射波向无限地基传播的模拟,具有精度和效率较好、不需施加边界单元工作量等优点,可应用到土-结构动力相互作用分析当中。     

Metal Ion Extraction with Bipyridine Derivatives as Chelating Ligands in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Three fluorinated bipyridine ligands have been designed and synthesized as chelating agents for the extraction of metal ions in supercritical CO₂ (sc‐CO₂). The ligand solubilities in sc‐CO₂ were investigated at different temperatures and pressures, and the measured data have been correlated using a semiempirical model. The calculated results showed satisfactory agreement with the experimental data. Based on these data, metal ion extraction with the three compounds as chelating agents in sc‐CO₂ was performed from spiked filter paper, whereby ligand 1 showed the highest extraction efficiency, especially for Ni²⁺ and Cu²⁺. The extraction constants, K_ex, of the three chelating ligands were seen to increase with increasing extraction efficiency for the same metal ion in the same extraction system.     

陀螺经纬仪的仪器常数随温度漂移规律的研究

对某型陀螺经纬仪的仪器常数受环境温度的影响进行实验,利用数理统计方法分析、处理了各温度下仪器常数的数据,发现其变化符合线性规律,从而可实现温度对仪器常数的漂移影响的自动补偿。     

Pipe Service Age Effect on Chlorine Decay in Drinking‐Water Transmission and Distribution Systems

Maintaining acceptable quality of water transported in the transmission and distribution system requires the chlorination of water beyond the treatment plant. While flowing through pipes, the chlorine concentration decreases for different reasons. Reaction with the pipe material itself and the reaction with both the biofilm and tubercles formed on the pipe wall are known as pipe wall demand. This varies with pipe parameters. The aim of this paper was to assess the impact of the service age of pipes on the chlorine wall decay constant. One hundred and fifty three pipe sections of different sizes and four different pipe materials were collected and tested for their chlorine first‐order wall decay constants. The results showed that pipe service age was an important factor that must not be ignored. For the range of the 55 years of pipe service age used in this study, the change in the wall decay ranged from 8 to 531% of the corresponding values in the recently installed pipes. The effect of service age on the wall decay constants was most evident in steel pipes. Other important findings were reached.     

Effect of hysteretic smoothness on inelastic response spectra with constant‐ductility

This paper presents an efficient methodology for computing constant‐ductility inelastic response spectra. The computation of constant‐ductility spectra involves numerical root‐finding algorithms to find the strongest structure providing a desired ductility response. Smooth inelastic structural behavior is modeled using a first‐order nonlinear differential equation and the transient structural response is solved using an implicit algorithm requiring Newton iterations at each time step. For structural models with smooth hysteretic behavior (not piece‐wise linear), a simple root‐finding method involving a combination of hyperbolic fits, linear interpolation, and Newton's method converges upon the highest strength (conservative) solution with a small number of iterations. The effect of the hysteretic smoothness on the occurrence of multiple roots is examined for two near‐fault and two far‐fault earthquake records, and for two measures of ductility and for normalized hysteretic energy. The results indicate how the smoothness of the hysteretic behavior affects ductility demand and constant‐ductility response spectra. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.