Monitoring Earth orientation using space-geodetic techniques: state-of-the-art and prospective

Earth orientation parameters (EOPs) provide the transformation between the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF) and the International Celestial Reference Frame (ICRF). The different EOP series computed at the Earth Orientation Centre at the Paris Observatory are obtained from the combination of individual EOP series derived from the various space-geodetic techniques. These individual EOP series contain systematic errors, generally limited to biases and drifts, which introduce inconsistencies between EOPs and the terrestrial and celestial frames. The objectives of this paper are first to present the various combined EOP solutions made available at the EOP Centre for the different users, and second to present analyses concerning the long-term consistency of the EOP system with respect to both terrestrial and celestial reference frames. It appears that the present accuracy in the EOP combined IERS C04 series, which is at the level of 200 as for pole components and 20 s for UT1, does not match its internal precision, respectively 100 as and 5 s, because of propagation errors in the realization of the two reference frames. Rigorous combination methods based on a simultaneous estimation of station coordinates and EOPs, which are now being implemented within the International Earth Rotation Service (IERS), are likely to solve this problem in the future.     

堤防工程风险评价体系研究

分析了堤防系统的层次性及模糊性,在此基础上建立了堤防工程风险评价系统指标体系和评价结构模型。结合FCT(Fuzzy Consistency Theorem)及AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process)定义了模糊一致空间,实现了基于模糊一致矩阵的权重反演。针对各典型护岸段,通过加固前江堤系统风险评价的结论,实现了护岸工程的风险等级划分,进而按照局部与整体加固两种情况完成了加固后江堤系统的风险评价。     

地图拓扑数据的自动组织

本文对地图上四种类型的拓扑关系——关联关系、邻接关系、重叠关系和同域关系及它们之间的相互关系作了简要说明,阐述了这四种类型拓扑关系的可计算性问题,即利用地图上的地理坐标数据可计算出拓扑关系数据,并简述了计算方法及过程。     

各种平差方法结果一致性的证明

从各种平差方法的内在联系入手，证明了五种平差方法结果之间的一臻性。     

一种基于等高线树和Strip树的等高线拓扑一致性化简算法

提出了一种基于等高线树和Strip树的等高线拓扑关系一致性化简算法,该算法可完全确保等高线在化简后不会发生自相交和相互间的相交,且化简后的等高线顶点集合是化简前等高线顶点集合的子集。     

一种新的基于空间关系的特征匹配方法

特征匹配是基于特征图像配准方法的难点之一,利用空间关系的策略是解决它的一种可靠途径.首先从理论上统一基于空间关系的特征匹配方法的数学模型,然后详细剖析已有几种经典方法定义的全局一致性度量准则存在的问题,最后提出一种新的解决方法.该方法采用高斯分布描述匹配特征对的空间位置在变换模型约束下存在的不一致性,由此定义全局一致性度量准则,使它在平滑连贯性和全局最优解的突出性等方面比已有准则有较大改善,同时该准则中涉及的惟一参数--高斯分布的方差--对它的全局最优解的突出性影响较小,保证提出准则的稳健性.针对新定义准则的最优化求解问题,本文设计一个两步迭代优化算法.用大量实际图像测试本文提出的方法,并将它与几种经典方法进行比较,实验结果表明本文提出的方法是正确和稳健的.     

全球尺度多源土地覆被数据融合与评价研究

精确的全球及区域尺度土地覆被遥感分类数据是全球变化、陆地表层过程模拟、生态文明建设及区域可持续发展等研究的重要基础数据。本文以5套全球土地覆被数据集GLCC、UMD、GLC2000、MODIS LC、GlobCover为研究对象,结合MODIS VCF、MODIS Cropland Probability以及AVHRR CFTC数据集,设计一种基于模糊逻辑思想的证据融合方法实现上述多源土地覆被信息的决策融合,生成一套依据植物功能型分类的全球1 km土地覆被融合数据SYNLCover。结果显示,与5套源土地覆被数据集相比：① 在总体一致性精度上,SYNLCover的8个生物形态类型和12个目标类型的平均总体一致性精度最高,分别约为65.6%和59.4%,其次依次是MODIS LC、GLC2000、GLCC和GlobCover,UMD的最低,分别约为48.9%和42.6%,而且SYNLCover与5套源土地覆被数据集两两相比的总体一致性都是最好的;② 在类型一致性精度上,除灌丛类型外,SYNLCover中包括森林、草地、耕地、湿地、水体、城镇建筑和其他7种生物形态类型,以及森林类型的5种叶属性的平均一致性精度也是最高的,如其他类型的平均一致性精度可达67.73%;③ 除灌丛和湿地类型外,SYNLCover的其余6种生物形态类型的平均一致性精度均比其在5套源数据中相应的一致性精度的最大值提高了10%~15%左右;森林类型的5种叶属性的一致性精度也提高了约10%。SYNLCover分类精度的提高反映了本研究设计的多源数据融合方法的可行性和有效性。     

均质多面体重磁异常正演计算表达式的一致性

根据重力位、重力异常、磁位和磁异常公式,应用泊松关系,通过严格的公式推导,给出了重力位、重力异常、磁位和磁异常之间的数学关系,从而使重磁异常正演计算表达式包含于简单的规则之中,揭示出均质多面体重磁异常正演理论的一致性。     

Entropy,consistency in rainfall distribution and potential water resource availability in Australia

Understanding the variability in monthly rainfall amounts is important for the management of water resources. We use entropy, a measure of variability, to quantify the rainfall variability in Australia. We define the entropy of stable rainfall (ESR) to measure the long‐term average rainfall variability across the months of the year. The stations in northern Australia observe substantially more variability in rainfall distributions and stations in southern Australia observe less variability in rainfall distribution across the months of the year. We also define the consistency index (CI) to compare the distribution of the monthly rainfall for a given year with the long‐term average monthly rainfall distribution. Higher value of the CI indicates the rainfall in the year is consistent with the overall long‐term average rainfall distribution. Areas close to the coastline in northern, southern and eastern Australia observe more consistent rainfall distribution in individual years with the long‐term average rainfall distribution. For the studied stations, we categorize the years into different potential water resource availability on the basis of annual rainfall amount and CI. For almost all Australian rainfall stations, El Niño years have a greater risk of having below median and relatively inconsistent rainfall distribution than La Niña years. The results may be helpful for developing area‐specific water usage strategies. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Damage‐viscoplastic consistency model for rock fracture in heterogeneous rocks under dynamic loading

This paper presents a damage‐viscoplastic consistency model for numerical simulation of brittle fracture in heterogeneous rocks. The model is based on a combination of the recent viscoplastic consistency model by Wang and the isotropic damage concept with separate damage variables in tension and compression. This approach does not suffer from ill‐posedness, caused by strain softening, of the underlying boundary/initial value problem since viscoplasticity provides the regularization by introducing a length scale effect under dynamic loading conditions. The model uses the Mohr–Coulomb yield criterion with the Rankine criterion as a tensile cut‐off. The damage law in compression is calibrated via the degradation index concept of Fang and Harrison. Thereby, the model is able to capture the brittle‐to‐ductile transition occurring in confined compression at a certain level of confinement. The heterogeneity of rock is accounted for by the statistical approach based on the Weibull distribution. Numerical simulations of confined compression test in plane strain conditions demonstrate a good agreement with the experiments at both the material point and structural levels as the fracture modes are realistically predicted. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.