‘Green’ on the ground but not in the air: Pro-environmental attitudes are related to household behaviours but not discretionary air travel

The rise in greenhouse gas emissions from air travel could be reduced by individuals voluntarily abstaining from, or reducing, flights for leisure and recreational purposes. In theory, we might expect that people with pro-environmental value orientations and concerns about the risks of climate change, and those who engage in more pro-environmental household behaviours, would also be more likely to abstain from such voluntary air travel, or at least to fly less far. Analysis of two large datasets from the United Kingdom, weighted to be representative of the whole population, tested these associations. Using zero-inflated Poisson regression models, we found that, after accounting for potential confounders, there was no association between individuals’ environmental attitudes, concern over climate change, or their routine pro-environmental household behaviours, and either their propensity to take non-work related flights, or the distances flown by those who do so. These findings contrasted with those for pro-environmental household behaviours, where associations with environmental attitudes and concern were observed. Our results offer little encouragement for policies aiming to reduce discretionary air travel through pro-environmental advocacy, or through ‘spill-over’ from interventions to improve environmental impacts of household routines.     

基于庞卡莱代数的TEN三维GIS模型研究

不规则四面体网具有结构简单、易于扩展的特性。借助于庞卡莱代数,应用边界表示理论重新描述了TEN模型。与传统几何结构模型相比,这种模型具有表达简单、易于计算的特点。同时,提出基于庞卡莱代数的TEN合并和删除运算以及拓扑一致性检查。在VC++环境下,对TEN模型的合并和删除运算进行编程与实现。实验表明,基于庞卡莱代数的TEN模型可以有效建立动态实体模型,能够实时建立拓扑关系,适合于表达不规则矿体等动态变化的三维实体。     

On strategies and automation in upgrading 2D to 3D landscape representations

3D scenes within all media indicate a societal preference shift toward 3D presentations. In spite of wide data availability and successful standardization efforts in 3D modeling, it is not a standard practice to offer large-scale topographic references to the end user in the form of 3D models. This motivates to propose automated strategies for the generation of closed 3D representations of a complete urban landscape, which at the same time account for capabilities of consumer-class devices. The campus of Dresden University of Technology served as a test case. The final appearance of the 3D model will be steered directly by the original geographic information system (GIS) data source. Such a “schematic model” displays source classes and attributes by nonphotorealistic rendering. A tested generic workflow can be presented, which programmatically integrates attributed 2D GIS entities and digital elevation model data, checks for compliancy with consistency rules and generates a slim geometric model. Only detailed GIS references can be considered to allow close-range visualization as needed in virtual walks. In delegating the geometric processing to automated workflows, playing room is gained for as well innovative as expressive texturing and, thus, design of the final 3D model.     

A scale-explicit model for checking directional consistency in multi-resolution spatial data

Multi-resolution spatial data always contain the inconsistencies of topological, directional, and metric relations due to measurement methods, data acquisition approaches, and map generalization algorithms. Therefore, checking these inconsistencies is critical for maintaining the integrity of multi-resolution or multi-source spatial data. To date, research has focused on the topological consistency, while the directional consistency at different resolutions has been largely overlooked. In this study we developed computation methods to derive the direction relations between coarse spatial objects from the relations between detailed objects. Then, the consistency of direction relations at different resolutions can be evaluated by checking whether the derived relations are compatible with the relations computed from the coarse objects in multi-resolution spatial data. The methods in this study modeled explicitly the scale effects of direction relations induced by the map generalization operator – merging, thus they are efficient for evaluating consistency. The directional consistency is an essential complement to topological and object-based consistencies.     

数值模式预报调整趋势分析

对不同时效预报的调整趋势进行分析,是预估预报误差和对预报进行订正的一种思路。为了系统性检验这一思路的有效性,本文定义了西风槽强度和位置指数,以及西北太平洋副热带高压(简称副高)强度和位置等指数,运用2011年4月以来的500 hPa位势高度场预报资料,研究对比了ECMWF(简称EC)和T639模式对副高和我国不同区域西风槽的位置和强度,72 h时效内对同一时刻不同时效的预报,随预报时效的临近,预报调整趋势之间的相关性和一致性。研究结果显示,EC和T639模式对副高的预报,都存在西脊点偏东、范围偏小、强度偏弱和北界偏南的系统性偏差,且时效越长偏差越大,T639模式的偏差明显大于EC模式,但相关性分析和方差分析表明,不同时效的调整趋势之间并不存在较为显著的相关性,即不同时效的预报并没有较为明显的、一致的调整趋势。另外,副高的预报误差与西脊点所处的经度有关,从东印度洋到菲律宾以东洋面,西脊点越往东,预报误差和系统偏差越小,但西脊点位于不同的经度区间时,不同时效的调整趋势之间同样没有明显的相关性,且整体上以负的协方差为主。对于西风槽,两家模式北方槽的误差都明显大于南方槽的误差,强度的误差较小,且T639的误差明显大于EC模式,相邻时效的调整趋势之间以负的协方差为主,说明随时效的临近,槽的位置并没有较为一致的调整趋势。同时不同时期预报调整趋势之间的相关性分析显示,模式版本的升级,并没有改变调整趋势之间几乎无一致性的特征。     

机载LiDAR点云的多层建筑物三维轮廓模型自动重建

以机载LiDAR点云数据为研究对象,提出一种新的基于点云数据的多层建筑物三维轮廓模型高精度自动重建方法。在已完成建筑物结构提取及轮廓规则化处理的基础上,利用多层屋顶轮廓在水平投影面内的相邻关系,将各层屋顶中同等级屋顶的相邻关系概括为平行边、不平行且不相交、相交3种相邻形式,结合多层屋顶的层级结构信息对相邻轮廓边界进行一致性处理。实验证明本文方法可以进一步消除多层建筑物各屋顶轮廓的规则化处理误差,使相邻轮廓边界在水平投影面内严格重合,同时重建后建筑物三维轮廓模型的正确性与完整性较高,拐点的定位精度优于激光点平均间距。     

地理实例数据语义一致性检查研究——以水系要素为例

为实现地理信息服务智能化的目标,构建知识地理本体数据库,需要在数据入库前,对实例数据进行语义一致性检查。本研究通过对实例数据进行语义关系分析,以水系数据为例,制定了相应的语义检查规则,并运用Arc GIS空间分析和建模工具实现相应功能。在传统数据检查的基础上增加语义层面的保证,本研究为智能化的地理信息系统应用提供数据保障。     

Diel effects on bottom-trawl survey catch rates of shallow- and deep-water Cape hakes Merluccius capensis and M. paradoxus off Namibia,using solar zenith angle

Diel patterns in survey trawl catches for the Cape hakes Merluccius capensis and M. paradoxus off Namibia were studied in order to examine the effect of diel bias on catchability, and its implication for survey abundance estimation and the consistency of the survey time-series. Catch rates (numbers per haul) by species and length from summer demersal biomass surveys conducted during the period 2002–2013 were used, together with a computation of the corresponding light-level data from which the solar zenith angles were obtained. Generalised additive models were fitted to assess the relationship between the catches and a number of explanatory variables. Significant covariates were zenith angle, depth and geographical position. The final models explained 78% and 59% of the variability in catch rates of M. capensis and M. paradoxus, respectively. For M. capensis, the response to zenith angle increased sharply for values above 100°, which represents the time between sunset and sunrise. For M. paradoxus there was a moderate increase in the response to zenith angle during the night. In cases where some fishing took place at night in shallow water, the survey results for M. capensis were more greatly affected than was the case for M. paradoxus, which is related to the different depth preference of the two species. Fishing in depths shallower than 400?m outside daylight hours should therefore be avoided in order to reduce bias and ensure consistency in abundance estimates from surveys.     

前向散射能见度仪测试模拟环境与试验

能见度是气象、环境和交通观测重要要素,目前不同原理和型号的前向散射能见度仪没有统一的测试环境和定标标准,导致测量结果差别大。为实现前向散射能见度仪统一测试环境,研制了雾环境模拟舱,采用造雾器和净化器组合实现能见度10m到50km模拟。寻找模拟舱内空气均匀度监控方法,消除由空气不均匀带来的误差。测试不同型号的前向散射能见度仪和相同型号能见度仪,结果显示不同型号能见度仪测量值差别大于一倍,同一型号的能见度仪测量值相对误差在±5%内。尝试不同型号能见度仪修正方法,并且验证修正方法可行,修正后的不同型号仪器相对误差在±10%内。     

基于RANSAC算法的隧道点云横断面提取

针对最小二乘法对所有点（包括"局外点"）拟合难以得到最佳线性参数的问题,本文基于RANSAC算法对观测值随机抽样进行参数估算,判断符合模型的"内部点"为一致集,并通过迭代得到足够的一致集,最后设计试验验证该算法的适用性;对隧道点云采用基于中轴线方法进行边界提取,以及三维激光扫描用于生产实践提供参考意义。