非均匀表皮效应对各向异性稳态承压井流的影响

考虑表皮效应竖向非均匀分布,建立各向异性承压层3D稳态井流数学模型,为求得问题的解,首先将表皮效应系数视为分段连续函数,再根据该分段函数将承压层划分成N层,然后通过差分法将问题转化为求解矩阵微分方程边界值问题,最后通过矩阵理论求得相应问题的解。应用数学软件对所求得解进行编程,并应用于实例计算和分析中。结果表明,在距竖井较近处,承压层水头降和流量沿竖向分布均与表皮效应系数函数变化趋势相反,即承压层某深度处的表皮效应系数越大（小）,则相应位置的水头降和流量越小（大）;而距竖井较远处,仅当竖向渗透系数相对于水平渗透系数较小时,才仍具有前述变化规律;承压层不同深度处的水头降沿径向的分布曲线的幅度值,不仅取决于该处的表皮效应系数大小,而且取决于竖向渗透系数与水平渗透系数相对值大小     

Seismic fragility of lightly reinforced concrete frames with masonry infills

Seismic fragility of lightly reinforced concrete frames with masonry infills is assessed through numerical simulations considering uncertainty in ground motion and building materials. To achieve this aim, a numerical model of the components is developed, a rational approach to proportion and locate individual struts in the equivalent three‐strut model is proposed, and an explicit nonlinear column shear response model accounting for the infill–column interaction and soft‐story mechanism is employed. The proposed numerical model is used to (1) generate probabilistic seismic demand models accounting for a wide range of ground motion intensities with different frequency content and (2) determine limit state models obtained from nonlinear pushover analysis and incremental dynamic analysis. Using the demand and limit state model, fragility curves for the masonry‐infilled frames are developed to investigate the impact of various infill properties on the frame vulnerability. It is observed that the beneficial effect of the masonry infill diminishes at more severe limit states because of the interaction with the boundary frame. In some cases, this effect almost vanishes or switches to an adverse effect beyond a threshold of ground motion intensities. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Out‐of‐plane strength reduction of unreinforced masonry walls because of in‐plane damages

There are numerous studies on the behavior of Unreinforced Masonry (URM) walls in both in‐plane (IP) and out‐of‐plane (OP) directions; however, few aimed at understanding the simultaneous contribution of these intrinsic responses during earthquakes. Undoubtedly, even a strong URM wall shows weakened capacity in the OP direction because of minor cracks and other damages in the IP direction, and this capacity reduction has not yet been accounted for in seismic codes. In this study, performance of three URM walls is evaluated by several numerical analyses in terms of the OP capacity reduction because of IP displacements and failure modes. Several parameters influencing the OP capacity have been studied including aspect ratio, roof boundary condition, IP displacement and IP loading patterns. The results indicate that reduction in the OP capacity of URM walls varies from negligible to very high depending on boundary conditions, IP failure mode and IP damage severity. Moreover, IP loading pattern is more important in walls with higher aspect ratios because of their IP failure modes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Comparison between rocking analysis and kinematic analysis for the dynamic out‐of‐plane behavior of masonry walls

This paper provides a contribution to the rocking analysis of masonry walls by making a comparison with the kinematic analysis suggested by the Italian code. It is shown that the latter approach is generally over‐conservative and therefore potentially inappropriate for historic buildings, where rehabilitation can be expensive and can affect their cultural value. The equation of motion given by the Housner formulation, corresponding to the movement of a rigid block, is here modified to account for different boundary conditions at different heights of the wall. These boundary conditions or horizontal restraints can represent vaults, transverse walls, or retrofitting devices such as steel tie‐rods. A systemic analysis of walls having different dimensions and slenderness is performed, and the results from the Italian code and rocking analysis are compared. Finally, the improvement in the response offered by retrofitting devices is discussed in terms of reduction of amplitude ratio. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

承压含水层减压降水对既有盾构隧道影响研究

当基坑需进行非截断条件下的承压含水层降水时,承压水抽降产生的影响范围远大于基坑开挖的影响范围,其对基坑外既有隧道的影响值得重视。进行了承压层减压降水对既有盾构隧道影响的有限元仿真模拟,考虑了既有隧道相对于承压含水层不同位置时,既有隧道周围土体应力场、既有隧道横断面内力和变形。研究结果表明,隧道全部或者大部分位于承压含水层中时,抽水除可引起隧道发生整体隆起或沉降外,还将导致隧道自身产生较大的竖向压缩变形;当隧道全部位于上、下部隔水层时,含水层抽水对其隧道的变形影响不大,但当隧道位于上部隔水层情况下,抽水将会引起隧道产生整体下沉。     

Twin lintel belt in steel for seismic strengthening of brick masonry buildings

A single-room, single-storey full-scale brick masonry building with precast RC roofing system was tested thric eunder displacement controlled lateral cyclic loading, to assess the effectiveness of the basic repair and seismic strengthening techniques. Initially, the virgin building specimen was loaded laterally to failure, In the second stage, the damaged building was repaired by stitching across the cracks, and tested under the same lateral loading. In the third stage, the twice-damaged structure was repaired once more by stitching and strengthened by twin lintel belt in steel and vertical corner reinforcement,and re-tested. The building strengthened by twin lintel belt in steel showed about 28% higher strength under lateral loading than the virgin building.     

多层砌体房屋地震现场安全性鉴定子系统的研制与开发

本文利用模糊综合评判原理研究了多层砌体房屋地震现场安全性鉴定方法,并以此为基础研制了多层砌体房屋地震现场安全性鉴定子系统。本文将该子系统运用到两个实际问题中,所得结论与专家基于经验的现场鉴定相吻合,初步验证了系统分析模块的可靠性。     

常规越流承压含水层影响半径计算方法之改进

影响半径是一个有争议的概念,针对不同含水层和计算模型各有不同的计算方式,而在工程应用中常使用理论依据不甚明确的经验公式。针对可形成稳定流的越流承压含水层,展开对确定其影响半径的常用方法即3个及以上观测孔稳定流阶段降深-距离直线图解法的分析,认为这一方法容易造成工程师对影响半径的误判,指出其易于误读之处并对使用该法提出了修正建议。     

Levee morphology and sedimentology along the lower Tuross River, south-eastern Australia

Levees on the lower Tuross River in south-eastern Australia reflect a complex interplay between depositional and erosional processes. Stream power, conditioned primarily by valley width, is the key determinant of levee morphology and sedimentology in this confined valley setting. Three styles of levee are described. The Rewlee levee is functionally linked to a flood channel in narrow valley settings (< 250 m). These levees contain a diverse facies assemblage characterized by various scales of erosion surfaces. Vertical accretion on levees has produced conditions under which stream power values exceed the threshold for catastrophic floodplain stripping. The levee at the Mortfield site is associated with less confined settings (valley width 500–600 m), which present lower flood stage and stream power conditions. This levee hosts a wide range of facies, but erosion surfaces are seldom observed. In the more open valley setting at the Central site (valley width 700–1000 m), levees comprise uniform, fine-grained deposits, which grade to pronounced distal floodplains with backswamps. As levees reflect a combination of within-channel and overbank processes, both depositional and erosional, these geomorphic features influence the character and sedimentology of adjacent landforms and the associated alluvial architecture of the basin.     

Modelling the out‐of‐plane seismic behaviour of masonry walls by rigid elements

A computational model for evaluating the dynamical response and the damage of large masonry walls subjected to out‐of‐plane seismic actions is presented. During earthquakes, these actions are often the main cause of damage for the front wall and lateral walls of old masonry‐built churches and monuments. Since the crack patterns often tend to subdivide the plane walls into a number of blocks, the model assumes such walls as a series of quadrilateral plane rigid elements connected to each other in the middle of their adjoining sides. Only the out‐of‐plane displacements are considered, and the connections are regarded as spherical elasto‐plastic joints which allow rotations whose axis is in the plane of the undeformed wall. The hysteretic characteristics of these joints are defined so as to approximate the brittle behaviour of masonry material and the degradation due to cyclic loadings. The numerical results obtained using a limited number of elements show that the global out‐of‐plane response of the masonry walls and the mechanical degradation at each connection are in accord with the observed behaviour of real churches hit by strong earthquakes. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.