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2007 August 15 magnitude 7.9 earthquake near the coast of Central Peru: analysis and field mission report

A field reconnaissance mission was led to the areas affected by the disaster caused by the Magnitude 7.9 earthquake event of 15/08/2007 near the city of Pisco in Peru. The main objectives of the mission were to collect data and make observations leading to improvements in design methods and techniques for strengthening and retrofit, and to assist the phase of reconstruction. The mission focused on the behaviour of non-engineered structures, in particular those of adobe constructions. The findings of the mission confirmed that most of the damage was observed on adobe houses constructed with traditional non anti-seismic techniques which either collapsed or nearly collapsed, causing 519 deaths, 1,366 injuries and more than 58,000 houses destroyed. The mission also confirmed that buildings constructed according to modern earthquake resistant design standards performed with no evident damage. All the parties contacted during the mission, especially the EC Delegation, showed particular interest in the results of the present mission report, which will be taken into consideration when planning the reconstruction phase, especially of the most distant rural areas, where close collaboration between the Governmental Institutions, International Organizations, Universities and NGO’s, will be needed to assist the population for the adoption of earthquake resistant designs in the reconstruction of the destroyed houses.     

汶川地震砌体结构的震害与改进砌体结构抗震性能的途径和方法

介绍了汶川8级地震中砌体结构房屋的震害情况,归纳分析了砌体结构房屋在地震中的震害特征及其原因,总结出了砌体结构抗震“选材合理、整体设计、注重细节、确保质量”的总体原则,提出了采用“高宽比”来设计窗间墙的宽度、房屋底层中部加设圈梁的建议,讨论了采用隔震技术、墙体开缝耗能、“隐形构造柱”和“捆绑”抗震、设置减震缝及耗能砂浆抗震技术来改进砌体结构抗震性能的新途径和新方法,最后对砌体结构的发展提出了建议。     

Analysis of the in‐plane response of earthen masonry infill panels partitioned by sliding joints

The vulnerability of infilled frames represents a critical issue in many regions with high seismicity around the world where infills are typically made of heavy masonry as they are used for thermal control of the buildings because of their thermal inertia. In this context, the use of earthen masonry infills can give a superior performance because of their ability to regulate thermal‐hygrometric performance of the building and sustainability of its life‐cycle. This paper presents a numerical study on the seismic behaviour of infill walls made of earthen masonry and partitioned with horizontal wooden planks that allow the relative sliding of the partitions. The combination of the deformability of earthen masonry and the sliding mechanism occurring along the wooden planks gives a high ductility capacity to the in‐plane response of the infill and, at the same time, significantly reduces its stiffness and strength, as compared with traditional solid infills made of fired clay units. As a result, the detrimental interaction with the frame and the damage in the infill when subjected to in‐plane loading can be minimized. The numerical model is validated with results from an experimental study and is used to perform a parametric analysis to examine the influence of variations in the geometry and mechanical properties of the infill walls, as well as the configuration of the sliding joints. Based on the findings of this study, design guidelines for practical applications are provided, together with simple formulation for evaluating their performance. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

酸雨环境下砌体结构地震易损性研究

对4榀相同特性的砖墙进行不同程度的酸雨腐蚀试验及低周反复荷载试验,得出其在不同腐蚀循环次数下的滞回曲线。基于陆新征-曲哲恢复力模型对砖墙试件进行模拟分析,并与试验结果进行对比,验证得出三弹簧单元模型能够较准确预测砌体构件的滞回性能。利用三弹簧单元模型对不同腐蚀次数下砌体结构进行IDA分析,得出不同腐蚀次数下砌体结构的易损性曲线,通过对"小震"、"中震"、"大震"下结构失效概率的分析得出,酸雨腐蚀能够严重影响结构的力学性能,使得结构的抗震性能显著下降。     

Implications of the spandrel type on the lateral behavior of unreinforced masonry walls

Seismic response of unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings is largely influenced by nonlinear behavior of spandrels, which provide coupling between piers under in‐plane lateral actions. Seismic codes do not appropriately address modeling and strength verification of spandrels, adapting procedures originally proposed for piers. Therefore, research on spandrels has received significant attention in some earthquake‐prone countries, such as Italy and New Zealand. In the last years, the authors of this paper have performed both monotonic and cyclic in‐plane lateral loading tests on full‐scale masonry walls with single opening and different spandrel types. Those tests were carried out in a static fashion and with displacement control. In this paper, experimental outcomes for two as‐built specimens are presented and compared with those obtained in the past for another as‐built specimen with a wooden lintel above the opening. In both newly tested specimens, the masonry above the opening was supported by a shallow masonry arch. In one of those specimens, a reinforced concrete (RC) bond beam was realized on top of the spandrel, resulting in a composite URM‐RC spandrel. Then, the influence of spandrel type is analyzed in terms of observed damage, force–drift curves, and their bilinear idealizations, which allowed to compare displacement ductility and overstrength of wall specimens. Furthermore, effects of rocking behavior of piers are identified, highlighting their relationship with hysteretic damping and residual drifts. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

轴向压力对配筋砌体短肢剪力墙抗剪性能的影响

通过对6片足尺290mm厚全灌芯配筋砌块砌体短肢剪力墙拟静力试验结果的分析,利用非线性有限元方法,模拟了此种墙体在压弯剪共同作用下的抗剪特性,研究了轴向压力对配筋砌块砌体短肢剪力墙抗剪性能的影响。研究表明,在不同高宽比的墙体中,轴向压力均对墙体的抗剪能力有较大影响,随着轴向压力增大,墙体抗剪能力先增大后减小（轴压比n从0.1增长到0.4时,墙体抗剪能力逐渐增大,而n从0.4增长到0.6时,墙体抗剪能力却逐渐减小）;随着轴向压力的增大,墙体延性在逐渐减小。提出当轴压比等于0.3时,墙体抗剪能力和延性均较好,建议在建筑抗震设计规范中采用此值。     

基于损伤塑性模型的砌体墙体非线性有限元分析

为了研究砌体墙体用钢结构加固后的力学性能,需要提供较准确的砌体墙体非线性计算,考虑到砌体与混凝土的材料性质具有相似性,将混凝土损伤塑性模型经修正后应用于砌体数值模拟,实现对砌体墙体的非线性有限元分析。通过与水平加载试验结果对比,验证了有限元模型的正确性。探讨了损伤塑性模型中的粘性系数、膨胀角、砌体本构关系中的初始弹性模量、受拉应力应变关系对计算结果的影响。结果表明：粘性系数和膨胀角对抗剪承载力、峰值位移及下降段性能均有较大影响,而对初始刚度影响很小;随着初始弹性模量的增大,砌体墙体抗剪承载力随之提高,但峰值位移无明显变化;受拉应力应变方程中待定系数的取值,对抗剪承载力及峰值位移影响较大。     

平推式滑坡启动判据的修正

对平推式滑坡启动判据的传统研究往往忽略滑块后缘的静水压力沿滑面法向的分力及承压水作用的具体范围,因而导致计算结果不准确。通过对平推式滑坡进行全面的受力分析,同时引入了承压水作用范围的概念,最终推导出修正后的平推式滑坡启动判据公式。将所得的修正判据应用于模型试验的结果分析,发现修正方法计算结果比传统方法大6.0%～15.5%,更加接近于试验观测值,验证了修正判据的准确性。同时对平推式滑坡启动临界水头的模型试验结果和修正计算值之间的差异进行了机理分析：当边坡模型滑动面倾角小于等于8°时,渗流的时滞性和渗透层的不均匀性导致启动临界水头实测值大于修正计算结果;当倾角大于8°时,模型稳定性随试验时间增加而逐步降低,导致启动临界水头实测值小于修正计算结果。     

考虑微观结构的非饱和渗透系数计算公式

分维理论是预测非饱和渗透系数的一种常用方法。在对有侧限条件下高庙子膨润土的非饱和渗透系数的试验结果分析后,发现分维理论并不适用,其缺陷在于不能够反映膨润土这种特殊粘土在水化过程中的微观结构变化。因为膨润土是一种纳米材料,其小孔隙和大孔隙分布在水化过程中都会发生变化,而一般性粘土和砂土没有这种特殊的物理化学特性。结合Kozeny—Carman关于多孔介质的半经验公式,提出了半经验一半理论的考虑微结构的膨润土的非饱和渗透系数计算公式。在对高庙子膨润土的扫描电镜试验和压汞试验资料分析的基础上,定性验证了所提出公式的正确性。