The Effect of Flow on Pollution and Remediation in Groundwater

Flow, solute transport and pollution remediation through attenuation in unconsolidated porous media were investigated in this study. The variables used in the investigation include soil texture, porosity, topography and hydraulic conductivity. The study revealed that hydraulic conductivity is highly dependent on soil texture, porosity and topography.Hydraulic conductivity was noted to have a controlling influence on groundwater flow and residence time, and the degree of natural attenuation in hydrogeologic systems. Contaminant transport simulated with the MODFLOW Model revealed dominance of advective transport of contaminants in unconsolidated porous media. However, attenuation through sorption (linear isotherm equilibrium controlled) and reaction (first-order irreversible decay) also retarded contaminant plume migration. Thus natural attenuation was found to be highly feasible in clay formations due to low hydraulic conductivity and long groundwater residence times. Though natural attenuation processes including dispersion, diffusion, dilution, mixing, volatilization and biodegradation were not investigated for in this paper, it is shown to be a sound remediation technique of contaminated ground water due to its capacity to destroy or transform contaminants or at least retard their flow.     

基于频域反射的细粒土压实度检测方法与误差评估

压实度是道路、房建、水利等工程领域评价土体压实质量的重要参数,与土体含水率和电导率密切相关。而频域反射技术(frequency domain reflectometry,FDR)可用于快速测定土体含水率和电导率。首先利用频域反射技术分别对多种压实状态下红黏土、膨胀土和黄土的含水率、电导率进行测量;然后对含水率测值进行室内标定,得到3种土的含水率标定曲线;通过偏最小二乘回归分析方法(partial least squares regression,PLSR)建立了3种土体的压实度-含水率-电导率之间的经验关系,并与实测值进行了对比分析;再根据扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscopy,SEM)和压汞法(mercury intrusion porosimetry,MIP)试验结果分析了其微观机制;最后对拟合公式得到的压实度预测值进行随机试样验证,建立与实测值的误差评估体系,结果表明基于压实度-含水率-电导率之间的关系而提出的拟合公式预测压实度的精度较高。相关研究可为道路、房建、水利等工程中土体压实度的快速检测提供参考。     

准饱和多孔介质中地下水驱替速率、圈闭气体饱和度和准饱和渗透系数的关系

圈闭有不连续、非流动和非混溶气体的含水层,被称为准饱和含水层。圈闭气体的存在会降低含水层的渗透性能,但准饱和渗透系数、圈闭气体饱和度和驱替速率之间的关系还没有完全被理解。本文通过室内砂性介质的驱替试验开展了圈闭气体饱和度、准饱和渗透系数和驱替速率三者相互关系的研究。研究表明,虽然总体上圈闭气体饱和度随驱替速率的增大而减小,但是在高驱替速率和低驱替速率分别出现了圈闭气体饱和度不随驱替速率变化的等值区间,该“台阶”型曲线可以采用与van Genuchten曲线类似的数学模型来表征,而砂性介质的准饱和渗透系数与圈闭气体饱和度之间呈简单的线性负相关关系。这两个经验模型说明可以用驱替速率定量估算准饱和渗透系数,该关系为利用驱替速率估算准饱和渗透系数提供了理论依据。上述准饱和水力学性质为深入理解准饱和地下水水流提供了依据。另外,驱替速率与圈闭气体饱和度的关系还表明,实验室测量完全饱和渗透系数时,应以大于初始毛细上升速率的速率进行饱和,以避免介质中的空气被水圈闭。     

基于NSMC方法的某核工程场地裂隙地下水数值模拟不确定分析

裂隙介质渗透结构表现为高度的非均质性与各项异性。为了科学有效地预测某核工程场地裂隙地下水的流动规律,揭示裂隙岩体地下水的渗流特性,笔者等采用Pilot Point调参方法与null space Monte Carlo方法（NSMC）,开展了裂隙岩体渗透结构的不确定性分析研究,构建了符合实际水文地质条件的多个渗流数值模型集合。结果表明：该方法获得的各个实现地下水位模拟结果能够与实际观测数据较好吻合,可反映工程场地裂隙地下水动力特征与流动趋势;各个实现的参数化渗透结构在空间上存在一定的差异性,但整体变化趋势是保持一致的,渗透参数的不确定性表现为在实测数据分布区域相对较低,钻孔空白区域相对较高;该方法可以弥补单一、确定性模拟结果在表征裂隙介质渗透结构方面的局限性,有效地降低模型参数的不确定性与随机性。此方法对进一步提升裂隙岩体渗流模拟精度与预测能力,深化裂隙地下水迁移规律的认识具有重要的意义。     

基于MODFLOW-SUB建立变渗透系数的地下水流-地面沉降模型

在基于MODFLOW-SUB建立的地下水流-地面沉降模型中,设定黏性土夹层内垂向渗透系数为常数,但黏性土夹层在压缩过程中,其垂向渗透系数会随之变化,因而运用该模型预测长期地面沉降可能与实际情况有较大差距。本次研究通过结合沉降过程中黏性土夹层内垂向渗透系数与水头的变化规律对SUB源代码进行改进,建立变渗透系数模型,并以美国地质调查局建立的加州羚羊谷典型结构为基础设计算例,分别对常渗透系数模型和变渗透系数模型进行模拟。结果显示：在开采初期的前20 a,两模型具有较好的一致性;随着开采的持续进行,变渗透系模型计算的累计沉降量逐渐小于常渗透系数模型,80 a内沉降量减少了约15.6%;随着开采量的增大,两模型产生差异的时间逐步提前且最终沉降差值增大;随着夹层厚度的增大,两模型产生差异的时间逐步滞后但最终沉降差值增大。由此表明,常渗透系数模型和变渗透系数模型在开采初期都具有很好的适用性,可以满足模型精度,但随着开采时间的延续,变渗透系数模型可以更好地反映实际压缩沉降过程。     

Partial dehydration of brucite and its implications for water distribution in the subducting oceanic slab

Hydrous minerals within the subducting oceanic slab are important hosts for water. Clarification of the stability field of hydrous minerals helps to understand transport and distribution of water from the surface to the Earth’s interior. We investigated the stability of brucite, a prototype of hydrous minerals, by means of electrical conductivity measurements in both open and closed systems at 3 GPa and temperatures up to 1300 K. Dramatic increase of conductivity in association with characteristic impedance spectra suggests that partial dehydration of single-crystal brucite in the open system with a low water fugacity occurs at 950 K, which is about 300 K lower than those previously defined by phase equilibrium experiments in the closed system. By contrast, brucite completely dehydrates at 1300 K in the closed system, consistent with previous studies. Partial dehydration may generate a highly defective structure but does not lead to the breakdown of brucite to periclase and water immediately. Water activity plays a key role in the stability of hydrous minerals. Low water activity (aH₂O) caused by the high wetting behavior of the subducted oceanic slab at the transition zone depth may cause the partial dehydration of the dense hydrous magnesium silicates (DHMSs), which significantly reduces the temperature stability of DHMS (this mechanism has been confirmed by previous study on super hydrous phase B). As a result, the transition zone may serve as a ‘dead zone’ for DHMSs, and most water will be stored in wadsleyite and ringwoodite in the transition zone.     

不同滤波算法在土壤湿度同化中的应用

为研究不同滤波算法在土壤湿度同化中的有效性,以及土壤湿度模拟结果对模型参数的敏感性,结合简单生物圈模型SiB2,设置敏感性实验,探求土壤饱和水力传导度对土壤湿度模拟结果的影响;并在此基础上,采用集合卡尔曼滤波（EnKF）、无迹卡尔曼滤波（UKF）和无迹粒子滤波（UPF）开展土壤湿度实时同化实验。结果表明：土壤饱和水力传导度能显著影响土壤湿度模拟精度;利用EnKF、UKF、UPF同化站点观测数据,均能改善土壤湿度模拟结果;3种同化方法在不同土壤层的同化效果不同,在土壤表层,EnKF的有效性优于UKF和UPF,在根域层和土壤深层,3种滤波方法有效性在降雨前后相差较大。因此,针对性地选择同化方法,是提高土壤湿度模拟精度的有效手段。     

祁连山冻土区天然气水合物储层岩石热物性实验研究

采用扫描电镜测试了祁连山冻土区天然气水合物储层泥岩和砂岩微观结构。在显微镜下观察到,泥岩由微小均匀的片状多边形块体构成,这种微观结构使得泥岩中水合物以浸染状赋存;而砂岩内部存在分散状孔隙,砂岩中水合物为孔隙赋存。采用瞬变平面热源法测试了含甲烷水合物储层岩石的导热系数和热扩散率。在温度为-941~941 ℃时,干泥岩导热系数为0577~0853 W·m-1·K-1,含甲烷水合物储层泥岩导热系数为0704~1050 W·m-1·K-1。在温度为-811~928 ℃时,干砂岩导热系数为0828~1271 W·m-1·K-1,含甲烷水合物储层砂岩导热系数为3850~4555 W·m-1·K-1。在温度为-941~941 ℃时,干泥岩热扩散率为0712~0894 mm2·s-1,含甲烷水合物储层泥岩热扩散率为0792~1006 mm2·s-1,干砂岩热扩散率为1198~1674 mm2·s-1,含甲烷水合物储层砂岩热扩散率为1403~1769 mm2·s-1。测试数据表明,对于孔隙型水合物,测定导热系数是一种较好的辨识水合物存在的辅助手段。     

Formation of methane concentration and electromagnetic-field anomalies in southwestern Peter the Great Gulf (Sea of Japan)

We report methane concentrations in the bottom water layer and the upper layer of bottom sediments and the results of acoustic explorations of methane seeps on the shelf bordering the continental slope of the Sea of Japan region, in which electromagnetic Schumann’s resonance oscillations were earlier recorded at continental-slope water depths of 500, 1000, and 2000 m. The occurrence of Schumann’s resonances at such great depths is explained by an increase (a factor of more than 25) in the electrical resistivity of a ~ 2000 m thick sediment layer with the pore space largely filled with free methane. A new method is proposed for determining the depth of the sources of anomalous concentrations of methane in bottom sediments or in the bottom water layer on a deep shelf. The method is based on recording Schumann’s resonances during measurements of the natural electric field at a series of increasing depths in areas bordering the continental slope.     

沉积物粘土混浊水电导率与pH值相关性研究——以渤海湾西岸平原XZ、MD钻孔为例

对渤海湾西岸平原XZ、MD钻孔样品的粘土混浊水电导率(以下简称EC)和pH测定值进行相关分析,结果显示EC与pH都呈高度负相关,两孔的相关系数分别为-0.830(P＜0.01)和-0.765(P＜0.01).整体上EC与pH呈反比特征.进一步根据EC测定值将两钻孔沉积物分为海相、海陆过渡相和陆相分带,并对各分带中的EC和pH作相关性分析,结果表明除XZ孔海相沉积带(Ⅰ带)相关性偏低(r=0.089,P＞ 0.05)外,其他各沉积带均显示较明显的负相关.但负相关性也有所不同,XZ孔海陆过渡相沉积带(Ⅱ带,r=-0.740,P＜0.01)负相关性最为明显;MD孔海陆过渡相沉积带(Ⅰ带,r=-0.434,P＜0.01)、XZ孔陆相沉积带(Ⅲ带,r=-0.403,P＜0.05)和MD孔陆相沉积带(Ⅱ带,r=-0.482,P＜0.05)也有较明显的负相关性.这表明沉积物EC与pH相关程度的差异,亦可在一定程度上反映出其沉积环境的不同.