三氯异氰尿酸对脊尾白虾幼体存活及发育的影响

三氯异氰尿酸(Trichloroisocyanuric acid ,TCCA)是水产养殖中常用的水质消毒剂, 使用不当会给生产和环境带来危害。为指导脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda)人工育苗过程中TCCA 的安全用药,作者利用静水试验法研究了TCCA 对脊尾白虾幼体的急性毒性及对幼体发育的影响。实验设7 个浓度梯度组(1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0、3.5、4.0 mg/L)和1 个空白对照组, 每组3 个平行。急性毒性实验持续96 h 后结束, 用正常育苗海水代替TCCA 溶液, 正常管理直到幼体全部变态为仔虾, 评估短时间的TCCA 处理对脊尾白虾幼体发育的影响。结果表明, TCCA 对脊尾白虾幼体在24、48、72 和96 h 的半致死浓度分别为3.81、3.03、2.71 和2.47 mg/L, 其安全浓度为0.25 mg/L; 随着TCCA 浓度的升高, 脊尾白虾幼体变态存活率显著降低(P<0.05), 但能成功变态为仔虾个体的变态持续时间及仔虾体长与对照组无明显差异(P>0.05)。本实验结果可以为脊尾白虾人工育苗安全用药提供参考和依据。     

Mixing of A Non-Circular Jet into A Counterflow

An elliptic jet and a square jet flowing into a counterflow with different jet-to-current velocity ratios are investigated by using realizable k–ε model. Some computed mean velocity and scalar features agree reasonably well with experimental measurements, and more features are obtained by analyzing the computed results. After fluid issues from a nozzle, it entrains ambient fluid, and its velocity and concentration on the centerline decay with the distance downstream from the potential core (l0). The decay ratio increases with the decreasing jet-to-current velocity ratio α. For an elliptic jet, the evolution of the excess velocity half-width b and the concentration half-width bc merely remains constant near the jet exit on major-axis plane while they increase linearly on the minor-axis plane. However, the half-widths on the major-axis and minor-axis plane become proportional to the axial distance downstream after equaling each other. For a square jet, b and bc increase linearly with the distance downstream from the jet exit, but the spread ratio is larger on the middle plane than that on the diagonal plane before they equal each other. The radial extent of the dividing streamline rs or the mixing boundary rsc increases linearly downstream, and decreases exponentially after reaching a peak at xb. The ratio on the minor-axis plane is larger than that on the major-axis plane for an elliptic jet. The characteristics are the same for the square jet. b, bc, rs, and rsc on two corresponding planes become equal to each other more rapidly for the square jet than for the elliptic jet, because the sharp corner of the square nozzle induces secondary structures that are more intense. The distributions of the excess axial velocity and scalar concentration exhibit self-similarity for either the elliptic jet or square jet in the region of l0 < x < xb. On the cross section, four counter-rotating pairs of vortices, which enhance the entrainment between the jet and counterflow, form at the four corners of the square jet or at the two ends of the major-axis plane of the elliptic jet. The recirculation pattern formed by these axial vortices is more complex for the square jet than that for the elliptic jet. The turbulent kinetic energy k have large value in the region near the jet exit and stagnation point. The maximum value of k for the square jet is larger than that of the elliptic jet near the jet exit. This results in the square jet mixing more strongly than the elliptic jet.     

Characterizing the influence of tide on the physico-chemical parameters and nutrient variability in the coastal surface water of the northern Bay of Bengal during the winter season

The spatial distribution of physico-chemical parameters(sea surface temperature(SST), p H, sea surface salinity(SSS), dissolved oxygen(DO) and Secchi depth) along with filterable nutrients(dissolved inorganic nitrate(DIN),dissolved inorganic phosphate(DIP) and reactive silicate(DSi)) are measured in the winter months of November,December, January and February for four consecutive years from 2009–2010 to 2012–2013 on the shallow continental shelf(20 m bathymetry) of the coastal waters(up to 18 km away from shoreline) of the northern Bay of Bengal(n Bo B) during the highest high tide(HHT) and lowest low tide(LLT) hours for the first time. The variability of the coastal biogeochemical environment is assessed during the HHT and LLT hours and for this purpose, seawater samples are collected from seven different locations of a transect in the coastal region. Physicochemical parameters(except SST) show significant difference in magnitude during the HHT and LLT hours respectively. p H, SSS and DO are found to increase in the HHT hours and vice-versa. The data reveal that during the LLT hours, a relative increase of freshwater input in the n Bo B can have elevated the nutrient concentration compared with that observed during the HHT hours. The ratio of nutrient concentration is found to deviate significantly from the Redfield ratio. The abundance of DIP is much higher compared with that of DIN and DSi.The anthropogenic sources of DIP from the upstream flow(especially the domestic effluent of several metropolises) can be mainly attributed behind such an observation. In order to characterize and establish the trend of such variation in such an important bio-climatic region, long-term and systematic ecosystem monitoring in the coastal water of the n Bo B northern Bay of Bengal should be carried out throughout the year.     

赣东北朱溪矿集区构造控岩-控矿特征

赣东北朱溪为钦杭成矿带新发现的重要钨铜多金属矿集区,位于钦杭结合带萍（乡）乐（平）坳陷带东部逆冲推覆抬升地段。朱溪矿集区燕山期受逆冲推覆构造影响,形成由新元古界变质基底与上古生界-中生界沉积盖层组成的构造岩片堆叠构造;具有逆冲推覆深断裂带控岩-控矿、碳酸盐岩构造岩片赋矿、燕山晚期浅层对冲构造破矿的构造背景;发育有燕山早期I型花岗闪长（斑）岩钼铜和S型花岗岩钨铜两个岩浆岩成矿系列,在空间上形成张家坞—月形与塔前—朱溪两个矿田、张家坞—毛家园和塔前—朱溪上下两个成岩台阶,下成矿台阶朱溪巨大钨铜矿床的发现打开了钦杭成矿带坳陷区“深地”找矿的一扇窗户。     

Study the Mechanism of Surface Chlorophyll–a Variability in the Southern Tropical Indian Ocean Using an OGCM

Eleven years (1997–2007) of SeaWiFS observations and Ocean General Circulation Model sensitivity experiments are used to understand chlorophyll–a variability in the southern tropical Indian Ocean. The strong offshore Ekman transport forced by anomalous southeasterly winds are responsible for inducing higher chlorophyll-a in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean. In the case of the southwest tropical Indian Ocean, Rossby waves and local upwelling are responsible for lifting the phytoplankton from deep chlorophyll maxima to the surface. Both intraseasonal dynamical response and interannual forcing are responsible for the phytoplankton blooming in the western basin, whereas the interannual forcing is mainly responsible in the east.     

Active diapirism and slope steepening,northern gulf of Mexico continental slope

Abstract

Large diapiric and nondiapiric masses of Jurassic salt and Tertiary shale underlie the northern Gulf of Mexico continental slope and adjacent outer continental shelf. These masses show evidence of being structurally active at present and in the very recent geologic past. Local steepening of the sea floor in response to the vertical growth of these structures is a serious concern to those involved in the site selection and the construction of future oil and gas production and transportation facilities in this frontier petroleum province.

The seabed of the northern Gulf slope is hummocky and consists of many hillocks, knolls, and ridges interspersed by topographic depressions and canyon systems. Topographic highs and lows relate respectively to vertical diapiric growth and to withdrawal of large volumes of salt and shale. Topographic highs vary considerably in shape and size, but all have very limited areas of nearly flat sea floor. Intraslope topographic lows consist of three principal types: (1) remnants of submarine canyons blocked by diapiric uplift that terminated active downslope sediment transport common during stages of low sea level; (2) closed depressions formed by subsidence in response to salt and shale withdrawal and flow into surrounding diapiric uplifts; and (3) small collapse basins formed by faulting in strata arched over structural crests of diapirs.

Distribution patterns of both diapiric features and sediment accumulations on the slope are the result of the complex relationship that exists between sediment loading and diapirism. Diapiric activity is proportional to the thickness of salt or underconsolidated shale available for mobilization, and to the sedimentary load distribution on these highly plastic deposits. Variations in overburden load, in turn, are dependent on rates, volumes, and bulk densities of depo‐sitional influx; proximity to sources of supply, erosion, and distribution of sediments; and topographic control of sediment accumulation. Sediment capture in diapirically controlled interdomal basins and canyon systems localizes overburden load, thus inducing further diapiric growth, and complex structural and stratigraphic patterns are induced throughout the continental slope region.

Drill cores in the slope province indicate that most of the slope sediments are fine‐grained muds; appreciable quantities of sand‐size sediment are present principally in canyon axes. Turbidite sand layers drilled on a topographic high adjacent to the Gyre Basin reflect uplift far above their original deposition level, and calculations yield rates of uplift that average 2 to 4 m per 100 years. Seismic reflection profiles provide considerable evidence of “fresh”; slumps and ero‐sional surfaces on the flanks of many topographic highs not yet blanketed by a veneer of young sediments. This evidence thus supports our conclusion that the present continental slope region of the northern Gulf of Mexico is undergoing active diapirism and consequent slope steepening. Because most of the sediment on the flanks of diapiric structures consists of underconsolidated muds, slumping will take place regularly in response to further diapiric movement.     

长江口北支悬沙浓度及输移的时空变化

本文基于4次洪枯季同步水文观测资料,着重分析了长江口北支悬沙浓度的潮周期变化、垂向分布、纵向分布和悬沙输移及其时空差异。研究结果显示,悬沙浓度的潮周期变化过程在大中潮期以M型(双峰型)为主,下段主槽内在大潮期多出现V型,上段在枯季可出现涨潮单峰型;小潮期可出现无峰、单峰或双峰型。涨、落潮悬沙浓度峰值及均值,在枯季多涨潮大于落潮,洪季中小潮特别是小潮期易出现落潮大于涨潮;下段主槽内在大潮期易出现落潮大于涨潮。悬沙浓度的垂向分布及其变化特点,在大中潮期与悬沙的潮周期变化型式有关,其中M型存在显著的洪枯季差异。纵向上,最高悬沙浓度在枯季出现于中段灵甸港至三和港之间及附近河段,洪季则在下段三条港附近。潮周期悬沙净输移,枯季大多向陆特别是大中潮期,洪季中上段大多向海,下段大潮期多向陆、中小潮易出现向海;下段主槽内在大潮期易出现向海。     

海相软土场地水泥土劣化机理室内试验研究

将水泥土和周围土体作为研究对象,利用室内化学分析试验得到了离子浓度的时空分布规律,并从腐蚀离子干预水化反应进程和分解水化产物两个过程揭示了海相软土场地水泥土劣化机理。Ca^2+由水泥土向土体中扩散,Mg^2+、SO42^-及Cl^-从土体向水泥土扩散;随着水化反应的进行,Ca^2+不断生成,水泥土中足够多的Ca^2+是保证水化反应进行并维持水化产物稳定的必要条件,Ca^2+不断向土体扩散是水泥土劣化的原因之一;水泥土内部的SO42^-及Cl^-在浓度较低(分别低于9和15 g/L)时有利于水泥土强度的提高,浓度较高时则导致水泥土发生胀裂;水泥土中Mg^2+的存在会阻碍水化产物的生成并分解水化产物,但浓度较低(低于3 g/L)时,影响不明显;土体中Mg^2+、SO42^-及Cl^-浓度高于水泥土中的浓度,在水泥土表层与水化产物反应生成胶结性差及膨胀性高的物质,促使水泥土劣化。     

利用卫星遥感和再分析数据刻画2017-2018年格陵兰北部罕见冰间湖事件

以90%海冰密集度为阈值,基于卫星遥感数据,2017-2018年冰季在格陵兰北部识别了两次冰间湖事件,分别出现在冬季和夏季。冬季的冰间湖事件从2018年2月20日持续至3月3日,夏季的事件从8月2日持续到9月5日。AMSR2被动微波的海冰密集度产品表明,冬季和夏季冰间湖事件对应的最低海冰密集度分别为72%和65%。两次冰间湖事件都与格陵兰北部东西气压梯度异常引起的南风加强有关,而气压梯度的异常则与对流层中部极涡的扰动有关。冬季冰间湖事件期间,相对暖和的气温和频繁出现的冰间湖,导致冬季海冰生长不持续,海冰热力增厚较小,这为夏季海冰发生破碎并形成冰间湖创造了条件。南风减弱和新冰生成是冬季冰间湖消失的主要原因。对于夏季的冰间湖,导致其消失的主要原因则是从北部输入的浮冰增加。Sentinel-1 合成孔径雷达产品相对AMSR2被动微波观测产品更加适合于应用到冰间湖事件伴随的新冰生长,这与前者具有更高的空间分辨率有关。格陵兰北部是北冰洋多年冰的聚集地,该区域被认为是北冰洋海冰的“避难所”。因此区域在2017-2018年出现罕见的冰间湖事件,对于整个北冰洋海冰的快速减少具有重要意义,也助于北冰洋海冰,尤其是多年冰的消退。     

Quota concentration in the New Zealand fishery: Annual catch entitlement and the small fisher

New Zealand's quota management system (QMS) was introduced in 1986 to enhance the sustainability of New Zealand's fishery. This paper examines trends in quota and catch share concentration across a range of important fish stocks. It demonstrates that continuing concentration is occurring in the ownership of quota for deepwater species. At the same time there has been an increase in participation by small scale fishers in the inshore fishery. This appears to be driven by the introduction of the Annual Catch Entitlement (ACE) regime, allowing annual catch shares to be accessed at reduced transaction cost.