1961-2018年西南地区夏季干旱变化特征及其与环流异常的联系

利用1961—2018年中国西南地区312站降水观测资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料及海表温度资料,采用夏季SPI(Standardized Precipitation Index)指数作为干旱指数,研究了西南地区夏季干旱变化特征及其与环流异常的联系。结果表明:西南地区夏季总体呈现变干趋势,尤其在云南、四川东南部干旱化趋势显著。当西南地区夏季显著干旱时,该地区对流层低层辐散、上层辐合,且向该地区的水汽输送偏少。造成西南地区干旱维持的原因可归结为大气波动活动异常和海温异常强迫。前者通过西风带扰动向下游的能量频散,为西南地区低层辐散、上层辐合的环流异常的形成和维持提供了必要的扰动能量积聚;后者通过热带西北太平洋异常热源对大气的强迫,使得该地区对流层低层(上层)形成异常辐合(辐散),在西南地区和热带西北太平洋形成了斜向垂直环流,使西南地区受下沉气流控制,从而形成了利于降水显著偏少和干旱发生并维持的条件。     

不同地表覆盖下SPOT-7影像大气校正方法研究

针对不同的地物覆盖类型,分析和评价了适用于SPOT-7卫星数据的大气校正方法,为其遥感定量研究和应用提供思路和参考.在河南省嵩山地区进行了同步观测实验,获取了SPOT-7卫星影像并进行大气校正处理,地面同步测量了大气光学特性和典型地物样区光谱,计算了地物样区在影像上的反射率和植被指数,分析了不同地物覆盖类型下大气校正模...     

温度植被干旱指数(TVDI)在复杂山区干旱监测的应用研究

对地观测卫星(EOS)中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)传感器因具有高时间分辨率、高光谱分辨率、适中的空间分辨率等特点,非常适合大范围、长时期、动态的干旱监测。本文选取云南省红河州地区为研究对象,利用MODIS植被指数和陆地表面温度产0品建立高原多山地区NDVI- T_s空间,并由此建立了复杂山区的温度植被干旱指数(TVDI)。利用该方法检测2006年3、4两个月的云南省红河地区的地表干旱情况,同时结合当地气象局信息和野外同步观测的表层土壤温度、湿度数据对该指标进行定量验证,结果表明,TVDI与土壤湿度显著相关,该方法可以用来对大区域干旱进行检测,能很好的用于山区的干旱预警与监测。     

向海湿地自然保护区鸟类多样性评价方法的比较研究

鸟类多样性是评价湿地生态环境质量极其敏感的指标。向海湿地自然保护区地处半干旱区,受气候和人为影响,生态环境变化极为剧烈,因此,寻求一种行之有效且简单易行的鸟类多样性评价手段,对于及时了解湿地生态环境质量的动态变化信息,提出湿地和鸟类多样性的管理和保护对策至关重要。稀疏标准化法是一种建立在物种-面积关系上的生物多样性评价方法,主要用于区域尺度上的生物多样性评估。运用改进的稀疏标准化程序,利用多年调查和收集的鸟类数据,来评价和分析向海自然保护区鸟类多样性及其变化,结合香农-威纳多样性指数和均匀度指数,分析了两种方法获取结果的相关性。评估结果表明:稀疏标准化法获取的鸟类多样性和均匀度信息与传统的香农-威纳多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数间具有显著的相关关系,可以用于鸟类的多样性和均匀度评价,且具有科学、直观、运算简捷、快速等优势。     

Numerical analysis of the effect of natural microcracks on the supercritical CO2 fracturing crack network of shale rock based on bonded particle models

The problem of predicting the geometric structure of induced fractures is highly complex and significant in the fracturing stimulation of rock reservoirs. In the traditional continuous fracturing models, the mechanical properties of reservoir rock are input as macroscopic quantities. These models neglect the microcracks and discontinuous characteristics of rock, which are important factors influencing the geometric structure of the induced fractures. In this paper, we simulate supercritical CO₂ fracturing based on the bonded particle model to investigate the effect of original natural microcracks on the induced‐fracture network distribution. The microcracks are simulated explicitly as broken bonds that form and coalesce into macroscopic fractures in the supercritical CO₂ fracturing process. A calculation method for the distribution uniformity index (DUI) is proposed. The influence of the total number and DUI of initial microcracks on the mechanical properties of the rock sample is studied. The DUI of the induced fractures of supercritical CO₂ fracturing and hydraulic fracturing for different DUIs of initial microcracks are compared, holding other conditions constant. The sensitivity of the DUI of the induced fractures to that of initial natural microcracks under different horizontal stress ratios is also probed. The numerical results indicate that the distribution of induced fractures of supercritical CO₂ fracturing is more uniform than that of common hydraulic fracturing when the horizontal stress ratio is small.     

Fluoride enrichment in aquifers of the Thar Desert: controlling factors and its geochemical modelling

The groundwater is the only source of drinking water in the Jaisalmer district of Rajasthan, India. The study area is a part of the Thar Desert. It has low and scattered population and no industries; hence, the possibility of anthropogenic input of fluoride is almost negligible. Thus, the enrichment of fluoride is only possible due to geochemical processes taking place in the groundwater of the region. A total of 100 groundwater samples, 34 samples from Jaisalmer and 66 samples from the Pokharan administrative blocks, were collected. It was observed that the concentration of fluoride ranged from 0.08 mg/l to 4.56 mg/l in the groundwater of Jaisalmer and from 0.56 mg/l to 6.60 mg/l in the samples of the Pokharan block. The alkaline condition (average pH, 7.7 ± 0.22 and 8.01 ± 0.25 in Jaisalmer and the Pokharan administrative block, respectively) in the region favours fluorite dissolution. Ion exchange, dissolution of calcite, semi‐arid climate, alkaline conditions and weathering are responsible for fluoride enrichment in the groundwater of the study area. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Water flux measurement and prediction in young cashew trees using sap flow data

Measurements of sap flow, meteorological parameters, soil water content and tension were made for 4 months in a young cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) plantation during the 2002 rainy season in Ejura, Ghana. This experiment was part of a sustainable water management project in West Africa. The Granier system was used to measure half‐hourly whole‐tree sap flow. Weather variables were observed with an automatic weather station, whereas soil moisture and tension were measured with a Delta‐T profile probe and tensiometers respectively. Clearness index (CI), a measure of the sky condition, was significantly correlated with tree transpiration (r² = 0·73) and potential evaporation (r² = 0·86). Both diurnal and daily stomata conductance were poorly correlated with the climatic variables. Estimated daily canopy conductance g_c ranged from 4·0 to 21·2 mm s⁻¹, with a mean value of 8·0 ± 3·3 mm s⁻¹. Water flux variation was related to a range of environmental variables: soil water content, air temperature, solar radiation, relative humidity and vapour pressure deficit. Linear and non‐linear regression models, as well as a modified Priestley–Taylor formula, were fitted with transpiration, and the well‐correlated variables, using half‐hourly measurements. Measured and predicted transpiration using these regression models were in good agreement, with r² ranging from 0·71 to 0·84. The computed measure of accuracy δ indicated that a non‐linear model is better than its corresponding linear one. Furthermore, solar radiation, CI, clouds and rain were found to influence tree water flux. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

新疆乌鲁木齐地区地震水化震例深入剖析

本文在水化前兆清理研究的基础上,采用统一的异常判别方法,应用适合本地区的“异常可靠性评价标准”,对新疆乌鲁木齐地区150km范围内的中强地震和反例事件进行了深入剖析,对水化异常与地震三要素的关系进行了统计分析。研究结果是制定地震水化异常判据和定量化指标的基础。     

洛川黄土剖面的粉砂与粘粒比值及粒度旋回

洛川黑木沟黄土剖面发育了一套完整的黄土地层。据剖面百余块标本粒度资料阐述了Kd=(粉砂(0.05-0.01mm％))/(粘粒(<0.005mm)％)的地质及物理意义。它反映了受风化的粉尘粒组与次生粒组之间的消长关系,Kd值变化既受风尘来源区干湿状况或生物气候条件的制约,又受风化成壤作用的制约。因此,Kd值可视为黄土、古土壤生成环境的一个指标。据Mφ(平均值)由粗到细的变化划为一个粒度旋回,全剖面共分11个旋回。每个旋回反映了一定的岩性地层组合及生物气候环境的变化。