Determination of aquifer parameters based on measurements of tidal effects on a coastal aquifer near Beihai,China

Measurements of the tide and groundwater levels in coastal zones are of importance in determining the properties of coastal aquifers. The solution to a one‐dimensional unsteady groundwater flow model in a coastal confined aquifer with sinusoidal fluctuation of the tide shows that the tidal efficiency decreases exponentially with distance and the time lag increases linearly with distance from the coast. The aquifer property described by the ratio of storage coefficient to transmissivity is determined if the damping constant of the tidal efficiency or the slope of the time lag with distance are obtained on the basis of tidal measurements. Hourly observations of the tide and groundwater levels at 10 wells on the northern coast near Beihai, China show that with distance from the coast, tidal efficiency decreases roughly exponentially and the time lag increases roughly linearly. The estimated ratio of storage coefficient to transmissivity of the confined aquifer ranges from 1·169 × 10^?6 d m^?2 to 1·83 × 10^?7 d m^?2. For a given transmissivity of 750 m² d^?1, the storage coefficient of the aquifer is 8·7675 × 10^?4 with the tidal efficiency method and 1·3725 × 10^?4 with the time lag method. The damping constant of the tidal efficiency with distance can be defined as the tidal propagation coefficient. The value of the confined aquifer is determined as 0·0018892 m^?1. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Variably saturated groundwater modelling for optimizing managed aquifer recharge using trench infiltration

Spreading‐basin methods have resulted in more than 130 million cubic metres of recharge to the unconfined Navajo Sandstone of southern Utah in the past decade, but infiltration rates have slowed in recent years because of reduced hydraulic gradients and (or) clogging. Trench infiltration is a promising alternative technique for increasing recharge and minimizing evaporation. This paper uses a variably saturated flow model to further investigate the relative importance of the following variables on rates of trench infiltration to unconfined aquifers: saturated hydraulic conductivity, trench spacing and dimensions, initial water‐table depth, alternate wet/dry periods, and number of parallel trenches. Modelling results showed (1) increased infiltration with higher hydraulic conductivity, deeper initial water tables, and larger spacing between parallel trenches, (2) deeper or wider trenches do not substantially increase infiltration, (3) alternating wet/dry periods result in less overall infiltration than keeping the trenches continuously full, and (4) larger numbers of parallel trenches within a fixed area increases infiltration but with a diminishing effect as trench spacing becomes tighter. An empirical equation for estimating expected trench infiltration rates as a function of hydraulic conductivity and initial water‐table depth was derived and can be used for evaluating feasibility of trench infiltration in other hydrogeologic settings. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A model to simulate recharge processes of karst massifs

The recharge processes have been evaluated for two karst massifs of southern Italy, the Mt Terminio and Mt Cervialto, characterized by wide endorheic areas. The annual mean recharge has been estimated by Geographic Information System (GIS) tools, from regression of annual mean values of different ground‐elevated rain gauges and thermometers. The recharge has been distinguished for endorheic areas and the other areas of spring catchment, and the ratio between the output spring and input rainfall has been also estimated (recharge coefficient). The annual recharge has been used to calibrate a daily scale model, which allows to estimate the amount of effective rainfall, which is retained as soil moisture; the amount reaching the water table (recharge s.s.); and the amount of rainfall, which develops the runoff and leaves the catchment. All these amounts vary through the hydrological year, in function of soil moisture deficit and daily rainfall intensity. The model allows estimating the recharge conditions through the hydrological year, and it is a useful tool for water management. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Two‐dimensional flow response to tidal fluctuation in a heterogeneous aquifer‐aquitard system

In alluvial coastal aquifers, finer sediments are preferentially deposited along the downstream direction, so the hydraulic conductivity is generally heterogeneous and changes with distance from the coastline. To investigate the influence of aquifer heterogeneity on seawater‐groundwater interaction, a new two‐dimensional model characterising groundwater flow in an aquifer‐aquitard system was developed assuming that the hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer linearly increases with the distance from the coastline along the inland direction. A closed‐form analytical solution was derived using the separation‐of‐variables method. Comparing the new solution with the numerical solution by comsol Multiphysics (Sweden) based on the finite‐element method, one can see that the new solution agreed with the numerical solution very well except at the early time. We found that both aquitard leakance and the heterogeneity factor (b) could result in the propagation bias. The propagation bias represents the inconsistency between the theoretical calculation and the observed strong attenuation and small time lag between the head and tide fluctuations. The attenuation decreased with perpendicular distance from the coastline (x‐axis), whereas the time lag increased with distance along the x‐axis. The relationship between the time lag and the distance along the x‐axis seemed to be linear when b was 0.001 m^?1, whereas it obeyed a power function when b was greater than 0.01 m^?1. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

小尺度含水层热量运移试验研究及热弥散效应评估

将小尺度含水层热机械弥散系数模型应用于对流弥散传热过程中,推导了该条件下对流弥散热量运移的解析解,结合试验进行验证,对含水层热弥散效应进行评估,结果表明,热机械弥散系数等于1×10-2 W/(m?°C)可以作为热弥散对温度场影响的临界点,从而将热机械弥散系数的分布划分为不可忽略的三角区域和可以忽略的多边形区域;明确了自然含水层结构条件下纵向热弥散度范围,从小尺度的热弥散研究结果来看,纵向热弥散度最大值为厘米数量级,它与野外大尺度条件下热弥散度的研究成果有着显著差异,表明热弥散尺度效应的存在,这将是进一步开展研究工作的方向。     

同期采灌储能模式浅层咸水介质渗透性演化过程研究

针对地下浅层储能咸水介质复杂的水文地质条件与矿物构成的特殊性,开展可控三维物理模拟试验,基于表面化学与胶体稳定性理论,从介观尺度分析回灌溶液宏观参数变化与含水介质中微纳米颗粒重新分布过程的内在关联;探索复杂时空条件下咸水层孔隙结构变化规律;确定不同储能模式下低渗透帷幕带的形成区域。研究结果表明,回灌溶液温度、盐度变化是打破颗粒间受力平衡,造成含水介质渗透性能下降的诱导机制。在抽-注井固定与调换模式下,经历完整储能周期,含水层整体相对渗透率k/k0分别下降至63%、57%,表明由微纳米颗粒物质重组,导致含水介质空间结构变化具有不可逆性。两组储能试验中,由于形成机制不同,低渗透帷幕带分别形成于700～900 mm与500～700 mm的渗流单元。     

南方岩溶含水系统结构识别方法初探

岩溶含水系统因其含水介质的高度不均匀性和各向异性而难以刻画。文章选取鄂西岩溶槽谷区典型的岩溶含水系统为研究对象,基于野外地面调查、裂隙测量、洞穴探测、多源高精度地下水示踪试验、地下水动态监测等传统手段,结合新技术、新方法来综合查明岩溶含水系统的结构,探讨岩溶含水系统的边界结构、岩溶发育主控方向、介质空间结构的识别方法,最终刻画出岩溶含水系统结构的概念模型。文章的研究成果旨在为岩溶山区1∶5万水文地质调查工作思路与方法应用提供参考,为提高全国新一轮1∶5万水文地质调查成果的精度与质量做贡献。      

Spatial average aquifer recharge through atmospheric chloride mass balance and its uncertainty in continental Spain

The atmospheric chloride mass balance (CMB) method allows spatial evaluations of the average diffuse aquifer recharge by rainfall () in large and varied territories when long‐term steady conditions can be assumed. Often, the distributed average CMB variables necessary to calculate have to be estimated from the available variable‐length data series, which may be of suboptimal quality and spatial coverage. This paper explains the use of these data and the reliability of the results in continental Spain, chosen as a large and varied territory. The CMB variables have been regionalized by ordinary kriging at the same 4976 nodes of a 10 km × 10 km grid. Nodal values vary from 14 to 810 mm year^–1, 90% ranging from 30 to 300 mm year^–1. The recharge‐to‐precipitation ratios vary from 0.03 in low‐permeability formations and semiarid areas to 0.65 in some carbonate massifs. Integrated average results for the whole of continental Spain yield a potential aquifer recharge of 64 km³ year^?1, the net recharge over permeable formations (40% of the territory) being 32 km³ year^?1. Two main sources of uncertainty affecting (given by the coefficient of variation, CV), induced by the inherent natural variability of the variables (CV_R) and from mapping (), have been segregated. The average CV_R is 0.13 and could be improved with longer data series. The average is 0.07 and may be decreased with better data coverage. The estimates were compared with other regional and local recharge estimates, being 4% and 1% higher, respectively. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

神华碳封存示范项目中CO2注入分布模拟

CO2咸水层封存被广泛认为是一种具有大规模温室气体减排潜力的地学前缘技术。选取中国第一个全流程CCS项目为研究背景,结合工程实际情况,选取鄂尔多斯盆地为具体研究对象,提取相关参数,建立相应的地质模型,通过数值模拟研究咸水层多层统注时CO2在咸水中的主要封存机制、CO2在地层中的运移分布特征及其与注入能力的关系,并观测由于CO2注入引起的地层压力、CO2摩尔分数、酸碱度等的变化情况,为方案的进一步优化奠定基础。研究表明,CO2注入咸水层后,大部分进入储层上部,且注入能力越大时,注入的层位越多,注入量越大;CO2在咸水层中的存在形式有自由态、束缚态和溶解态。所有探索性研究的目的是给示范性项目的未来提供一个良好的基础优化方案。     

Comparison of hydrogeological characteristics between the Sanjiang Plain and the Amur River Basin

Sanjiang Plain-Amur River Basin aquifer is the aquifer shared by China and Russia, which is of great significance to water sources management for both countries, acting as a focused area by China and Russia. In this paper, the hydrogeological characteristics of the Sanjiang Plain-Amur River Basin is studied, aiming at understanding the differences as well as similarities of aquifer classification, chemical characteristics of groundwater, quantity of groundwater and groundwater evaluation methods of two countries, which will lay a solid foundation to further holistic study of the trans-boundary aquifer in the Sanjiang Plain-Amur River Basin.