The effect of low‐permeability fault zones on groundwater flow in a compartmentalized system. Experimental evidence from a carbonate aquifer (Southern Italy)

The hydrogeological behaviour of fault zones in carbonate aquifers is often neglected in conceptual and numerical models. Furthermore, no information is available regarding the relationships between piezometric levels when significant compartmentalization occurs due to the occurrence of low‐flow fault zones. The aim of this study was to refine the conceptualization of subsurface flow in faulted carbonate aquifers and to analyse relationships between sub‐basins within a compartmentalized aquifer system in Southern Italy. The interactions between compartments that straddle low‐flow faults were investigated over four hydrologic years using a statistical approach to compare (i) the hydraulic heads within two wells located up‐ and down‐gradient of tectonic discontinuities as well as (ii) the rainfall and piezometric levels. The results of this study suggest that a set of barriers exists between the wells, and, therefore, the total head loss observed between the wells (approximately 80 m) should be distributed across several aquitards, with one aquitard exhibiting a relatively high permeability or low degree of integrity. Due to slight differences in permeability, transient conditions in aquitards can occur over relatively short periods, which is in agreement with the results of the statistical data analysis. Consequently, rather than being caused by pure aquitards, aquifer system compartmentalization likely results from slight differences in the permeability between lower‐permeability fault zones and adjacent higher‐permeability protoliths. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

耦合人群移动的COVID-19传染病模型研究进展

构建传染病模型可为疫情防控与公共卫生研究提供至关重要的规划与解析工具。由于宿主行为是传染病传播动态的决定性因素之一,有效耦合人群时空行为对以人为宿主的传染病建模具有重要意义。得益于人群移动大数据研究与应用的快速发展,新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）的疫情建模研究中呈现出了耦合人群移动建模的显著特征。为系统深入理解该项传染病模型研究中的重要进展,本文对相关文献进行分析与总结。首先,本文分析了COVID-19疫情与人群移动的交互影响,说明了耦合人群移动构建COVID-19模型的必要性。然后,根据建模的目的和原理,从疫情短期预测与过程模拟2个角度,对耦合人群移动的COVID-19传染病模型进行分类梳理。其中,根据耦合人群移动的方式,本文将面向疫情短期预测的模型分为人群移动一阶量与人群移动二阶量的耦合模型,将基于过程模拟的模型分为群体级别和个体级别的耦合模型。最后,本文评述了耦合人群移动的传染病模型研究进展和未来发展方向,认为该领域研究亟需更加深入建模与疾病传播相关的复杂人群时空行为、提升模型的空间解析能力、突破精细化时空传播模拟的计算瓶颈、拓展与前沿人工智能方法的融合,并构建普适而开放的建模数据与工具以促进应用发展。     

惠民凹陷中央隆起带异常低压特征及成因分析

惠民凹陷普遍存在异常低压现象,低压发育层段为沙河街组二段、三段,且集中分布在中央隆起带周边。前人对异常低压成因研究尚存在于定性描述阶段,应用295口井试油实测地层压力数据,分析了惠民凹陷地层压力纵向、平面分布特征;从引起异常低压主要因素入手,定量分析了抬升地层剥蚀、地层温度降低、蚀变耗水作用、蚀变矿物体积变化对地层压力的影响。结果表明,地层剥蚀孔隙反弹引起地层压力降低0516 MPa;地温下降造成地层压力降低202~373 MPa;蚀变耗水引起地层压力降低864 MPa;蚀变矿物体积变化使得地层压力降低436 MPa;成藏期烃类充注,地层压力增加量小于32 MPa。以上各因素共同作用,使得中央隆起带压力演化呈现降压-增压-降压的旋回性,并最终形成现今压力分布格局。     

PUBLICATIONS OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES

Abstract

Explicit algebraic expressions of influence coefficients of an aquifer system are addressed. The methodology is straightforwardly exemplified using a one-dimensional (1D) semi-confined homogeneous aquifer model. It consists of the integration of the governing equation from two different viewpoints. On the one hand, the analytical solution to the governing equation is presented under an integral form involving the appropriate Green function. On the other hand, equations resulting from a finite difference discretization are processed to deduce a fully explicit algebraic expression of the nodal hydraulic head. This latter, arranged after the previously developed continuum solution, helps with deriving an explicit algebraic expression of influence coefficients corresponding to the studied aquifer model. Finally, the study is extended to an inhomogeneous aquifer model.     

论含油气盆地流体系统

我国含油气盆地地下水系统可分为油田水系统和溶滤水系统,二者之间按电性、富水性和矿化度大致以上、下第三系为界。含油气系统按成藏过程及其地质特征分为生成系统、运移系统和聚集系统。地下水系统是流体系统的主体部分,它包含了含油气系统。油田水系统与含油气系统关系十分密切,油气的生成、运移和聚集过程都是在油田水参与下进行的。溶滤水系统影响并改造着含油气系统,油气藏会在溶滤水作用下遭到破坏。异常高压由排水固结的不均衡所形成,它的存在阻止了油田水向上运移。含油气盆地流体系统研究是现代水文地质学的一个新的研究领域,是油气成藏研究的一种有效途径。     

封存箱与油气成藏作用

自然界的任何一种作用都是在一定的物质结构中发生的 ,油气成藏作用在相当多的情况下是与封存箱结构有非常密切关系的。封存箱这种地质结构在沉积盆地中 ,尤其是盆地的深部相当广泛地存在。它不仅是流体的分隔体 ,而且也分隔着不同的能量区。具有异常压力的封存箱比较容易认同 ,实际上正常压力的封存箱也是其重要的类型。自源式封存箱及靠近其顶板封隔层箱外的勘探目标常常是大、中型油气藏形成和分布的主要结构类型 ,在其箱内和临近其顶板封隔层的箱外是油气的有利富集地带。把封存箱的研究作为油气勘探决策程序的一个环节 ,找到大、中型的油气藏的几率将会大大地提高。塔里木盆地已经发现了各种类型的封存箱和在封存箱不同部位的大中型油气藏 ,它们构成了比较完整的封存箱系列和油气成藏模式。     

Characteristics of Abnormal Pressure Systems and Their Responses of Fluid in Huatugou Oil Field,Qaidam Basin

Abstract: Based on the comprehensive study of core samples, well testing data, and reservoir fluid properties, the construction and the distribution of the abnormal pressure systems of the Huatugou oil field in Qaidam Basin are discussed. The correlation between the pressure systems and hydrocarbon accumulation is addressed by analyzing the corresponding fluid characteristics. The results show that the Huatugou oil field as a whole has low formation pressure and low fluid energy; therefore, the hydrocarbons are hard to migrate, which facilitates the forming of primary reservoirs. The study reservoirs, located at the Xiayoushashan Formation (N21) and the Shangganchaigou Formation (N1) are relatively shallow and have medium porosity and low permeability. They are abnormal low-pressure reservoirs with an average formation pressure coefficient of 0.61 and 0.72 respectively. According to the pressure coefficient and geothermal anomaly, the N1 and N21 Formations belong to two independent temperature-pressure systems, and the former has slightly higher energy. The low-pressure compartments consist of a distal bar as the main body, prodelta mud as the top boundary, and shore and shallow lake mud or algal mound as the bottom boundary. They are vertically overlapped and horizontally paralleled. The formation water is abundant in the Cl– ion and can be categorized as CaCl2 type with high salinity, which indicates that the abnormal low-pressure compartments are in good sealing condition and beneficial for oil and gas accumulation and preservation.     

新疆库车坳陷克拉苏构造带异常高压及其成藏效应

异常高压在新疆库车坳陷克拉苏构造带是十分普遍的地质现象 ,它具有地层压力大、压力系数高、异常高压带上方广泛发育巨厚的塑性盐岩和膏泥岩封隔层以及异常高压体内的压力变化不规则的特征。克拉苏构造带的异常高压是由构造抬升和挤压引起的 ,明显具有压力封存箱的特征 ,对该地区油气藏的形成和保存起到十分重要的作用。由于异常高压和断层的影响 ,在克拉苏构造带上形成了上第三系它源、开放的静水压力油藏和白垩系—下第三系它源、半封闭的异常高压气藏两种油气成藏模式     

中国飞机积冰的气候特征

本文利用美国国家环境预报中心（NCP）和国家大气研究中心（NCAR）联合处理的全球大气40年（1958－1997）资料，对近40年中国飞机积冰的气候特征进行了分析，通过功率谱及交叉谱分析的方法对南京地区的飞机积冰发生频率进行了周期变化的分析，并利用k均值法进行了飞机积冰的航空气候区划，给出了飞机积冰的时空分布特征。     

基于MapInfo的小斑多边形的自动聚合

介绍了一种基于MapInfo平台的小斑多边形自动聚合的方法,与基于MapBasic的小斑多边形自动聚合的方法相比,分析了其方法的优点,实现了广州市某区土地利用规划图制作过程中小斑多边形的自动聚合。