持续大流量过程对黄河内蒙古河段河道塑形能力的分析与思考

2018年伏秋汛期黄河流域上游持续来水,为保证2108-2019年度黄河流域凌汛期安全,黄河流域重点水库进行了大流量持续下泄。以2018年9月的实际数据为基准,通过对重点水库实际日均出入库调度情况,内蒙古河段的重点水文站实际日均流量过程和三个年份汛期大断面套绘成果对比分析研究,可以得出水库大流量持续下泄对内蒙古河段河道塑形能力起到了关键性作用,有效的提高了主槽过流能力,河段最小平滩流量得到一定的恢复,对下一步研究黄河流域河道过流能力提供了有利的数据支撑和参考价值。     

山东省两次暴雪天气的对比分析

应用常规天气图资料、探空资料、加密自动站观测资料、地基GPS/MET遥感大气水汽观测资料、卫星云图、多普勒雷达观测资料和NCEP/NCAR 1。×1。再分析资料,采用诊断分析和对比分析方法,对山东省2009年11月11 12日和2010年2月28日两次暴雪天气的水汽、热力、动力条件和中尺度特征进行对比分析。结果表明,(1)两次暴雪都是受高空槽影响产生的,700hPa附近有较强的偏南气流向暴雪区输送暖湿空气,整层大气高湿近于饱和,中低层有逆温,整层温度≤0 C;暴雪产生在700～500 hPa槽前西南气流前部、850 hPa东北风与东南风辐合的区域,近地面层都为东北风。(2)不同点是,前次暴雪过程中低层先有冷空气影响,然后中高层暖湿气流北上,中低层能量低,以稳定性降雪为主,持续时间长;后次暴雪过程中,先是中低层暖湿气流北上,而后强冷空气从低层锲入,低层形成低涡,地面形成气旋,中低层对流不稳定,对流发展,降雪强度大,持续时间短。(3)暴雪期间GPS/MET水汽监测的可降水量在20 mm左右,对降雪量有一定的指示性。加密自动站观测中温度0C线是雨、雪的分界线,有助于判别降水的形态。     

中亚五国水土资源开发及其安全性对比分析

由于气候变暖和人类活动的影响,随着人口增长和区域农业灌溉发展,再加上低效率水资源管理等已导致中亚区域水土生态系统的退化.主要针对前苏联解体后到2007年的时段,对中亚五国水土资源开发情况及其对安全状态指标进行对比分析.结果表明:在1988—2007年期间,哈萨克斯坦人口总数逐年减少,人均可更新水资源量和人均总取水量呈逐年增加的趋势;其它中亚4国(吉尔吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、土库曼斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦)人均水资源量出现逐年降低的趋势;乌兹别克斯坦是最大取水用户国家,次为土库曼斯坦;乌兹别克斯坦和土库曼斯坦是最大农业取水国,哈萨克斯坦是最大工业取水国,乌兹别克斯坦是最大生活取水国.到2005年,塔吉克斯坦和土库曼斯坦的淡水产量降到1989年的99%.在1992—2005年间,除了土库曼斯坦外其它中亚国家人均耕地面积逐年减少;同期,哈萨克斯坦的森林和草地面积有所减少,吉尔吉斯斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦有所扩大,塔吉克斯坦和土库曼斯坦的森林面积基本上保持不变,草地面积有所降低.乌兹别克斯坦是化肥施用和土壤盐渍化强度较严重的国家,土壤盐渍化面积占总灌溉面积从1994年50%扩大到2001年65.9%.     

发达国家水文信息资源管理与应用概述

水是经济社会发展的重要战略性资源之一。加强对水资源的配置管理、保护利用是以水资源的可持续利用支持国家经济社会的持续协调的发展的重要保证。水文信息资源的管理和应用服务水平直接影响着水资源的科学管理。本文介绍了发达国家在水文信息资源管理和应用方面的经验，以期对黄河水文信息资源应用．乃至全国水文信息资源共享及服务能力的建设，提供一定的借鉴和参考。     

A review of paired catchment studies for determining changes in water yield resulting from alterations in vegetation

Paired catchment studies have been widely used as a means of determining the magnitude of water yield changes resulting from changes in vegetation. This review focuses on the use of paired catchment studies for determining the changes in water yield at various time scales resulting from permanent changes in vegetation. The review considers long term annual changes, adjustment time scales, the seasonal pattern of flows and changes in both annual and seasonal flow duration curves. The paired catchment studies reported in the literature have been divided into four broad categories: afforestation experiments, deforestation experiments, regrowth experiments and forest conversion experiments. Comparisons between paired catchment results and a mean annual water balance model are presented and show good agreement between the two methodologies. The results highlight the potential underestimation of water yield changes if regrowth experiments are used to predict the likely impact of permanent alterations to a catchment's vegetation. An analysis of annual water yield changes from afforestation, deforestation and regrowth experiments demonstrates that the time taken to reach a new equilibrium under permanent land use change varies considerably. Deforestation experiments reach a new equilibrium more quickly than afforestation experiments. The review of papers reporting seasonal changes in water yield highlights the proportionally larger impact on low flows. Flow duration curve comparison provides a potential means of gaining a greater understanding of the impact of vegetation on the distribution of daily flows.     

3个登陆台风引发阳江特大暴雨的水汽输送对比分析

利用区域自动站资料及NCEP再分析资料,对0915号"巨爵"、1006号"狮子山"和1011号"凡亚比"登陆后引发阳江特大暴雨的水汽输送特征进行了对比分析,并应用HYSPLIT-4轨迹模式验证了水汽来源。结果表明:1)它们引发阳江特大暴雨期间,低纬西南季风活跃。"巨爵"影响时由来自印度洋与副高西侧偏南气流汇合产生强降雨,水汽来源于中南半岛和孟加拉湾;"狮子山"影响时西南水汽输入明显减弱,主要由偏东气流携南海近海水汽的注入引发了局地短而强的降雨,水汽来源于南海近海;"凡亚比"登陆后,北部湾超低空急流的暴发,有利于强西南气流携带水汽经粤西往"凡亚比"输送,引发粤西地区特大暴雨,水汽主要来源于北部湾。2)强降雨都是始于阳江特大暴雨区纬向风转东风或经向风转南风阶段。"巨爵"、"凡亚比"引发阳江强降雨前后,850 h Pa南海、北部湾经向风南风明显增大,加强了海上水汽的向北输送。"狮子山"影响时则是由于近海短时间转东风,水汽由东输入并加强了辐合。3)水汽输送以"巨爵"最强、"狮子山"最弱,水汽辐合层次"巨爵"和"狮子山"较"凡亚比"要浅薄。它们的低层水汽辐合中心与特大暴雨区有很好的对应关系。     

Assessing regional‐scale spatio‐temporal patterns of groundwater–surface water interactions using a coupled SWAT‐MODFLOW model

Interaction between groundwater and surface water in watersheds has significant impacts on water management and water rights, nutrient loading from aquifers to streams, and in‐stream flow requirements for aquatic species. Of particular importance are the spatial patterns of these interactions. This study explores the spatio‐temporal patterns of groundwater discharge to a river system in a semi‐arid region, with methods applied to the Sprague River Watershed (4100 km²) within the Upper Klamath Basin in Oregon, USA. Patterns of groundwater–surface water interaction are explored throughout the watershed during the 1970–2003 time period using a coupled SWAT‐MODFLOW model tested against streamflow, groundwater level and field‐estimated reach‐specific groundwater discharge rates. Daily time steps and coupling are used, with groundwater discharge rates calculated for each model computational point along the stream. Model results also are averaged by month and by year to determine seasonal and decadal trends in groundwater discharge rates. Results show high spatial variability in groundwater discharge, with several locations showing no groundwater/surface water interaction. Average annual groundwater discharge is 20.5 m³/s, with maximum and minimum rates occurring in September–October and March–April, respectively. Annual average rates increase by approximately 0.02 m³/s per year over the 34‐year period, negligible compared with the average annual rate, although 70% of the stream network experiences an increase in groundwater discharge rate between 1970 and 2003. Results can assist with water management, identifying potential locations of heavy nutrient mass loading from the aquifer to streams and ecological assessment and planning focused on locations of high groundwater discharge. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Chemical effects of a near-to-nature detention pond on a small urban headwater

The near-to-nature approach has been established as best practice for stormwater management. However, pollutant mobility within such systems and its impact on small receiving waters are partly unexplained. The study takes place in an urbanised headwater catchment in south-western Germany with an area of 0.4 km². Runoff from roofs, roads, parking lots and gardens is collected in wells or trenches and stored in private and public dry detention basins. Accordingly, this study investigates pollutant input to a detention pond, removal efficiency and the associated effects on the receiving water.Grab samples with high temporal resolution of the receiving water (16 flood events with 315 samples and 41 baseflow samples), the three inflows of the detention basin and its outflow (four flood events with 64 samples) were taken. The outflow of the dry pond is recovered in the hydro- and chemographs of the receiving water. Runoff from roads with increased traffic volume caused the highest PAH inputs and runoff from the residential area showed the highest zinc concentrations, which partly infringe European Environmental Quality Standards. Yearly pollutant inputs (DOC, TSS, PAH, nutrients, metals) from the settlement into the tributary are reduced in the detention pond by up to 80%.     

Glacial conditions that contribute to the regeneration of Fountain Glacier proglacial icing,Bylot Island,Canada

Proglacial icings are one of the most common forms of extrusive ice found in the Canadian Arctic. However, the icing adjacent to Fountain Glacier, Bylot Island, is unique due to its annual cycle of growth and decay, and perennial existence without involving freezing point depression of water due to chemical characteristics. Its regeneration depends on the availability of subglacial water and on the balance between ice accretion and hydro‐thermal erosion. The storage and conduction of the glacial meltwater involved in the accretion of the icing were analyzed by conducting topographic and ground penetrating radar surveys in addition to the modelling of the subglacial drainage network and the thermal characteristics of the glacier base. The reflection power analysis of the geophysical data shows that some areas of the lower ablation zone have a high accumulation of liquid water, particularly beneath the centre part of the glacier along the main supraglacial stream. A dielectric permittivity model of the glacier – sediment interface suggests that a considerable portion of the glacier is warm based; allowing water to flow through unfrozen subglacial sediments towards the proglacial outwash plain. All these glacier‐related characteristics contribute to the annual regeneration of the proglacial icing and allow for portions of the icing to be perennial. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Distinguishing streamflow trends caused by changes in climate,forest cover,and permafrost in a large watershed in northeastern China

Understanding how rivers respond to changes in land cover, climate, and subsurface conditions is critical for sustainably managing water resources and ecosystems. In this study, long‐term hydrologic, climate, and satellite data (1973–2012) from the Upper Tahe River watershed (2359 km²) in the Da Hinggan Mountains of northeast China were analysed to quantify the relative hydrologic effects of climate variability (system input) and the combined influences of forest cover change and permafrost thaw (system characteristics) on average annual streamflow (system response) using 2 methods: the sensitivity‐based method and the Kendall–Theil robust line method. The study period was subdivided into a forest harvesting period (1973–1987), a forest stability period (1988–2001), and a forest recovery period (2002–2012). The results indicated that the combined effects of forest harvesting and permafrost thaw on streamflow (+ 47.0 mm) from the forest harvesting period to the forest stability period was approximately twice as large as the effect associated with climate variability (+20.2 mm). Similarly, from the forest stability period to the forest recovery period, the decrease in average annual streamflow attributed to the combined effects of forest recovery and permafrost thaw (?38.0 mm) was much greater than the decrease due to climate variability (?22.2 mm). A simple method was used to separate the distinct impacts of forest cover change and permafrost thaw, but distinguishing these influences is difficult due to changes in surface and subsurface hydrologic connectivity associated with permafrost thaw. The results highlight the need to consider multiple streamflow drivers in future watershed and aquatic ecosystem management. Due to the ecological and hydrological susceptibility to disturbances in the Da Hinggan Mountains, forest harvesting will likely negatively impact ecohydrological processes in this region, and the effects of forest species transition in the forest recovery process should be further investigated.