Exploring the database of a soil environmental survey using a geo-self-organizing map: A pilot study

A model integrating geo-information and self-organizing map (SOM) for exploring the database of soil environmental surveys was established. The dataset of 5 heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb) was built by the regular grid sampling in Hechi, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in southern China. Auxiliary datasets were collected throughout the study area to help interpret the potential causes of pollution. The main findings are as follows: (1) Soil samples of 5 elements exhibited strong variation and high skewness. High pollution risk existed in the case study area, especially Hg and Cd. (2) As and Pb had a similar topo-logical distribution pattern, meaning they behaved similarly in the soil environment. Cr had behaviours in soil different from those of the other 4 elements. (3) From the U-matrix of SOM networks, 3 levels of SEQ were identified, and 11 high risk areas of soil heavy metal-contaminated were found throughout the study area, which were basically near rivers, factories, and ore zones. (4) The variations of contamination index (CI) followed the trend of construction land (1.353) > forestland (1.267) > cropland (1.175) > grassland (1.056), which suggest that decision makers should focus more on the problem of soil pollution surrounding industrial and mining enterprises and farmland.

     

Dynamic modeling and vibration suppression for an offshore wind turbine with a tuned mass damper in floating platform

The worldwide demand for renewable energy is increasing rapidly. Wind energy appears as a good solution to copy with the energy shortage situation. In recent years, offshore wind energy has become an attractive option due to the increasing development of the multitudinous offshore wind turbines. Because of the unstable vibration for the barge-type offshore wind turbine in various maritime conditions, an ameliorative method incorporating a tuned mass damper (TMD) in offshore wind turbine platform is proposed to demonstrate the improvement of the structural dynamic performance in this investigation. The Lagrange's equations are applied to establish a limited degree-of-freedom (DOF) mathematical model for the barge-type offshore wind turbine. The objective function is defined as the suppression rate of the standard deviation for the tower top deflection due to the fact that the tower top deflection is essential to the tower bottom fatigue loads, then frequency tuning method and genetic algorithm (GA) are employed respectively to obtain the globally optimum TMD design parameters using this objective function. Numerical simulations based on FAST have been carried out in typical load cases in order to evaluate the effect of the passive control system. The need to prevent the platform mass increasing obviously has become apparent due to the installation of a heavy TMD in the barge-type platform. In this case, partial ballast is substituted for the equal mass of the tuned mass damper, and then the vibration mitigation is simulated in five typical load cases. The results show that the passive control can improve the dynamic responses of the barge-type wind turbine by placing a TMD in the floating platform. Through replacing partial ballast with a uniform mass of the tuned mass damper, a significant reduction of the dynamic response is also observed in simulation results for the barge-type floating structure.     

杭州湾及其邻近海域表层沉积物的沉积环境分区及重金属污染特征分析

于2017年春季和2018年春季,分两个航次,在杭州湾及其邻近海域采集了表层沉积物样品,并对其粒度组成及重金属含量进行了测定。结果表明,研究区域表层沉积物的粒级组成以砂和粉砂为主,平均占比分别为38.0%和55.4%。根据粒级组成的区域分布特征,将研究区域分为长江河口现代沉积区(Ⅰ-1)、钱塘江河口现代沉积区(Ⅰ-2)、长江羽状锋面积聚区(Ⅱ-1)、长江次级锋面积聚区(Ⅱ-2)、岛屿风化影响区(Ⅲ)、残留砂混合沉积区(Ⅳ)等4大类6个亚区。通过比较不同区域重金属含量发现,总体分布趋势为Ⅱ-1区和Ⅱ-2区含量较高,Ⅰ-2区和Ⅳ区含量较低,Ⅰ-1区和Ⅳ区相对居中。单因子污染指数评价结果显示,Ⅱ-1区和Ⅱ-2区的Cu、Pb、Zn、As、Cd、Hg已呈现出污染态势,需引起关注;Cr则未呈现出污染态势。     

广西海域沉积物重金属、滴滴涕、多氯联苯含量及生态风险分析

在广西近岸海域采集了36个站位的表层沉积物样品,测定了沉积物样品中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Cr、Hg、As共7种重金属和DDTs、PCBs共2种持久性有机污染物的含量,分析了各检测因子的含量和分布特征,对沉积物中7种重金属和DDTs、PCBs进行了综合生态风险评价。结果表明:广西海域沉积物中重金属平均含量(×10-6,干重)顺序为Zn(49.4)>Cr(41.7)> Cu(21.5)>Pb(15.6)>As(9.1)>Cd(0.07)>Hg(0.026),持久性有机污染物平均含量(×10-9,干重)为PCBs(2.97)> DDTs(0.88),重金属、DDTs、PCBs所有站位含量平均值均低于一类标准,广西海域沉积物Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Cr、Hg、As、DDTs、PCBs总体含量水平较低;沉积物重金属潜在生态风险程度排序为Hg>As>Cd>Cu>Pb>Cr>Zn,36个监测站位的潜在生态风险指数RI平均值为19.51,广西海域总体潜在风险程度较轻,属低潜在生态风险,位于茅尾海和廉州湾的站位潜在生态风险较高,As和Cu为主要的潜在生态风险因子;沉积物中DDTs、PCBs的残留水平生态风险较低,但部分站位DDTs含量介于其相应的ERL和ERM之间。     

波浪溢流作用下海堤内坡高性能加筋草皮护坡防侵蚀特征研究

基于1∶1的大型水槽试验结果,分析了波浪溢流过程中位于海堤内坡的高性能加筋草皮护面的侵蚀特征。试验观察表明试验期间有一定土壤的损失,但护坡无明显的破坏;土面高度测量表明,当土壤流失发展到一定深度后,如果水动力强度变化不大,侵蚀趋于逐渐停止,这种现象称为侵蚀上限;结合试验现象对侵蚀上限进行了初步解释,并讨论了侵蚀上限达到前的侵蚀速率特征;植株密度监测表明,试验期间的草茎密度基本不变,草叶密度在开始几次试验期间持续减小,而后达到一个稳定值,这对于海堤的可持续防护有重要意义。研究成果能够为波浪溢流期间海堤内坡防御的相关研究和工程措施提供参考依据。     

渤海湾表层沉积物重金属与污染评价

用原子吸收法测定了渤海湾表层沉积物中重金属的含量,同时用2种评价方法对该海域底质环境进行了评价。结果表明:沉积物中汞、锌含量平均值超过标准,其余项目未发现超标;其分布特征由于受沿岸不同污染源的污染影响,重金属污染物难以形成一定规律的分布状态。同时该海域底质环境质量总指数已达到污染程度和很强的生态危害,其中主要污染元素是Hg,已达重污染,并形成极强的生态危害。     

平阴县土壤中重金属元素异常成因研究

通过对平阴县周边及其西部农田区采样调查,平阴县周边元素异常具有异常衬度较高,富集系数大等特征,西部农田区异常具有各元素套合关系好,多数异常衬度不高,富集系数小的特点。结果表明,西部农田区异常是以As,Cd为主要成分的异常,元素含量与SiO2,Al2O3,Fe2O3等常量组分间具有显著的相关性,随SiO2含量的增加而降低,随Al2O3,Fe2O3含量的增加而增加,说明土壤常量组分及其所决定的土壤质地是导致异常形成的主要因素;而平阴城区异常是以S,Hg,As,Zn,Mn等元素为主的异常,是典型的人为综合因素（化工烟尘、工厂污水、生活垃圾）产生的异常。     

海三菱藨草(Scirpus mariqueter)根际沉积物中重金属生物有效性的影响因素

采用野外连续调查和实验分析方法,连续3年研究了海三菱藨草根际沉积物重金属（Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd）生物有效性的主要影响因素（生长季节、pH、P、Eh和DO等）。结果表明,植物不同生长季节的变化影响根际沉积物生物有效性的季节变化。具体表现为：Cu和Pb均在春、夏季可交换态含量较高,生物有效性较高,而秋、冬季可交换态较低,生物有效性较低,但碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化态二者之和也比较高,具有一定的潜在生物有效性;Zn在任何季节的可交换态比例均不高,以有机结合态和残渣态的形态为主,生物有效性较低;Cd一般以残渣态为主,基本不具有生物有效性。pH值下降,春、夏季可交换态和铁锰氧化物结合态增加,而有机结合态和碳酸盐结合态减少,提高了生物有效性,而秋、冬季正好相反;磷对重金属生物有效具有直接影响的为无机磷,春、夏季随着无机磷的减少,pH值下降,提高了生物有效性。春、夏季根际Eh和溶解氧含量增加,降低了其生物有效性。     

几种环境因子对虾蟹类非特异性免疫的影响

综述了近10a国内外有关重金属、氨态氮、亚硝酸盐、有机污染物等几种环境因子对虾蟹类非特异性免疫影响的研究成果,以期为通过改善养殖环境条件提高虾蟹类自身免疫抗病力提供理论依据.同时,为进一步深入开展该领域的研究工作积累资料.     

3种经济螺体内4种重金属元素含量及评价

以样品湿法消解消化法和火焰原子吸收光谱仪测定大口乳玉螺扁玉螺、亮螺的肌肉、肝脏、性腺3种器官组织中的As、Pb、Cd、Zn等4种金属元素的含量．分析不同种类的螺各器官重金属含量和重金属污染指数,评价各种螺的重金属污染反映其受污染程度和食用价值．结果表明：重金属在不同种类水产品不同组织器官中的分布不同;3种螺都受到了不同程度的重金属污染;3种螺的As都超过了“海洋生物污染评价标准”和“人体消费卫生标准”,其他的3种重金属含量也都不同程度地超过“两个标准”．