海岸盐沼冠层水流平均流速分布的实验研究

利用室内水槽测量海岸盐沼植物冠层水流平均流速分布，对a)不同属种,b)同属种不同观测位置和流速；c)同属种不同高度;d)同属种不同密度的海岸盐沼植物冠层湍流结构作了分析，产探讨了冠层植物本身及其水流结构对粘性泥沙运动的可能影响；实验结果揭示了冠层上，下水流的复杂性；1）明显的三层结构，即冠层底部，过渡层，冠层上部水体层；2）由于植物的柔弹性，冠层顶部与上层水体相互作用可能产生界面波，导致一个次级流速最大值，在冠层内出现流速反转梯度；3）冠层顶部以上的水体水流切变流速u,（切应力τb)大于冠层内的ux(切应力τb)，冠层内（底部）水流切变流速（切应力τb)的减小有利于粘性泥沙的沉积；4）植物冠层影响湍流强度和扩散。     

Physical control of sediment carbon content in an estuarine tidal flat system (Nanakita River, Japan): A mechanistic case study

Temporal variations in sediment carbon content were tracked by sampling every 2 weeks for 6 to 33 months at 6 tidal flat stations with different carbon content levels (0.05–1.64%) in a single estuary. Three temporal series of current velocity at 5 cm above the sediment were also obtained. Non-cohesive and cohesive sediment stations differed in patterns of temporal variation in sediment carbon content, suggesting the difference in processes controlling sediment carbon content. In the stations of non-cohesive sandy sediment with relatively low carbon content (0.05–0.15%), sediment carbon content fluctuated within ranges specific to each station. In these stations, current velocity data suggested that frequency of sand resuspension washing out sediment carbon controls sediment carbon content level. In the stations of cohesive sediment with relatively high carbon content (0.77–1.64%), sediment carbon contents showed some unusual upward and downward peaks, recovered to usual levels specific to the stations, and was always kept higher than that in the non-cohesive sediment stations. We speculate that in the cohesive sediment stations, sand inputs may significantly control processes establishing the consolidated sediments with various carbon content levels. Spatial transitions from non-cohesive to cohesive sediments and from low to high sediment carbon contents likely occur as sand resuspension at spring tides become more irregular and less frequent. Based on these results, conceptual models describing physical processes controlling sediment carbon content at the studied stations were proposed.     

Finite element simulations of 3D planar hydraulic fracture propagation using a coupled hydro-mechanical interface element

Two-dimensional hydraulic fracturing simulations using the cohesive zone model (CZM) can be readily found in the literature; however, to our knowledge, verified 3D cohesive zone modeling is not available. We present the development of a 3D fully coupled hydro-mechanical finite element method (FEM) model (with parallel computation framework) and its application to hydraulic fracturing. A special zero-thickness interface element based on the CZM is developed for modeling fracture propagation and fluid flow. A local traction-separation law with strain softening is used to capture tensile cracking. The model is verified by considering penny-shaped hydraulic fracture and plain strain Kristianovich‑Geertsma‑de Klerk hydraulic fracture (in 3D) in the viscosity- and toughness-dominated regimes. Good agreement between numerical results and analytical solutions has been achieved. The model is used to investigate the influence of rock and fluid properties on hydraulic fracturing. Lower stiffness tip cohesive elements tend to yield a larger elastic deformation around the fracture tips before the tensile strength is reached, generating a larger fracture length and lower fracture pressure compared with higher stiffness elements. It is found that the energy release rate has almost no influence on hydraulic fracturing in the viscosity-dominated regime because the energy spent in creating new fractures is too small when compared with the total input energy. For the toughness-dominated regime, the released energy during fracturing should be accurately captured; relatively large tensile strength should be used in order to match numerical results to the asymptotic analytical solutions. It requires smaller elements when compared with those used in the viscosity-dominated regime.     

CostMAP: an open-source software package for developing cost surfaces using a multi-scale search kernel

ABSTRACT

Cost surfaces are a crucial aspect of route optimization and least cost path (LCP) calculations and are used in awide range of disciplines including computer science, landscape ecology, and energy-infrastructure modeling. Linear features present akey weakness to traditional routing calculations along cost surfaces because they cannot identify whether moving from acell to its adjacent neighbors constitutes crossing alinear barrier (increased cost) or following acorridor (reduced cost). Following and avoiding linear features can drastically change predicted routes. We introduce an approach to address this adjacency issue using asearch kernel that identifies these critical barriers and corridors. We have built this approach into anew Java-based open-source software package– CostMAP (cost surface multi-layer aggregation program)– which calculates cost surfaces and cost networks using the search kernel. CostMAP allows users to input multiple GIS data layers and to set weights and rules for developing aweighted-cost network. We compare CostMAP performance with traditional cost surface approaches and show significant performance gains– both following corridors and avoiding barriers– by modeling the movement of alarge terrestrial animal– the Baird’s Tapir (Tapirus bairdii)– in amovement ecology framework and by modeling pipeline routing for carbon capture and storage (CCS).     

重庆城市不同下垫面温度的多时间尺度变化特征

利用重庆市巴南区2014年1月1日至2017年12月31日逐小时草地、泥土、砾石、石板、水泥、沥青等6种不同下垫面的特种温度观测资料,通过扩展经验正交分解(EEOF)、概率密度分析(PDF)等气候统计方法,分析了不同下垫面温度的多时间尺度变化规律,进一步探讨了水泥和草地下垫面温度差异的变化特征。结果表明:不同下垫面的温度存在明显的多时间尺度变化特征。月平均变化上,石板、水泥和沥青的表面温度明显高于泥土、草地和砾石,且温度差异夏季大于冬季。日变化上,石板、水泥和沥青白天的表面温度高于泥土、草地和砾石,晚上不同下垫面温度差异较小;不同下垫面温度的日变化差异在春季和夏季明显强于冬季和秋季。石板、水泥和沥青表面出现45℃以上极端高温的概率多于其他下垫面,且出现这些高温的时间集中在14:00—15:00之间。水泥和草地的温度差异也表现出明显的多时间尺度变化(季节变化和日变化)特征。一天中,温度差异最大值出现的时间集中在14:00—16:00,其次是19:00—20:00。温度差异的日变化幅度也在夏季达到最大。     

Carbon dioxide on planetary bodies: Theoretical and experimental studies of molecular complexes

An absorption band at ∼4.26 μm wavelength attributed to the asymmetric stretching mode of CO in CO₂ has been found on two satellites of Jupiter and several satellites of Saturn. The wavelength of pure CO₂ ice determined in the laboratory is 4.2675 μm, indicating that the CO₂ on the satellites occurs either trapped in a host material, or in a chemical or physical complex with other materials, resulting in a blue shift of the wavelength of the band. In frequency units, the shifts in the satellite spectra range from 3.7 to 11.3 cm⁻¹. We have performed ab initio quantum chemical calculations of CO₂ molecules chemically complexed with one, two, and more H₂O molecules and molecules of CH₃OH to explore the possibility that the blue shift of the band is caused by chemical complexing of CO₂ with other volatile materials. Our computations of the harmonic and anharmonic vibrational frequencies using high levels of theory show a frequency shift to the blue by 5 cm⁻¹ from pure CO₂ to CO-H₂O, and an additional 5 cm⁻¹ from CO₂-H₂O to CO₂-2H₂O. Complexing with more than two H₂O molecules does not increase the blue shift. Complexes of CO₂ with one molecule of CH₃OH and with one CH₃OH plus one H₂O molecule produce smaller shifts than the CO₂-2H₂O complex. Laboratory studies of CO₂:H₂O in a solid N₂ matrix also show a blue shift of the asymmetric stretching mode.     

Discharge experiments simulating chemical evolution on the surface of Titan

Saturn's moon Titan has been considered as one of the few places in our Solar System, where atmospheric and surface conditions could have produced organic compounds essential as precursors for an evolution of life. The Cassini-Huygens mission has provided new data on Titan's atmosphere and surface, which enabled us to simulate the chemical processes occurring under these conditions. Possible lightning events on Titan cannot only produce higher hydrocarbons, but also allow surface water ice to participate in the reaction scenario, resulting in CHO, CHN, and CHON compounds including several molecules relevant for the formation of amino acids and nucleic acids.     

Unstable extension of Enceladus' lithosphere

Regions near Enceladus' equator, Sarandib and Diyar Planitia, contain extensive sets of parallel ridges and troughs that may be diagnostic of the region's formation conditions. We present photoclinometry profiles across these ridges and troughs, which indicate that they are periodic, low-slope features with dominant wavelengths of 3 to 4 km and amplitudes between 100 and 400 m. The morphology of these terrains is consistent with formation via unstable extension of the lithosphere. Our numerical modeling demonstrates that unstable extension can generate large-scale topography under Enceladus-like conditions. Comparison of our photoclinometry profiles with the dominant wavelengths produced by our numerical model permits estimation of the background heat flow at the time the Sarandib-Diyar province formed. We estimate heat flows of 110 to , suggesting that resurfacing of the planitiae was accompanied by strong, localized heating. The extension necessary to produce the ridges and troughs may have been caused by now-inactive diapirs, internal phase changes, or other mechanisms. Our heat flux estimates imply elastic thickness at the time of resurfacing of 0.4 to 1.4 km, which are sufficient to have allowed satellite reorientation if the province was underlain by a low-density region. It is therefore plausible that Enceladus has experienced multiple heating events, each leading to localized resurfacing and global reorientation.     

Polarization of Asteroid (387) Aquitania: The newest member of a class of large inversion angle asteroids

We present new imaging polarimetric observations of two Main Belt asteroids, (234) Barbara and (387) Aquitania, taken in the first half of 2008 using the Dual-Beam Imaging Polarimeter on the University of Hawaii 2.2 m telescope, located on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. Barbara had been previously shown to exhibit a very unusual polarization-phase curve by [Cellino, A., Belskaya, I.N., Bendjoya, Ph., di Martino, M., Gil Hutton, R., Muinonen, K., Tedesco, E.F., 2006. Icarus 180, 565-567]. Our observations confirm this result and add Aquitania to the growing class of large inversion angle objects. Interestingly, these asteroids show spinel features in their IR spectra suggesting a mineralogical origin to the phase angle-dependent polarimetric features. As spinel is associated with calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions and carbonaceous chondrites, these large inversion angle asteroids may represent some of the oldest surfaces in the Solar System. Circular as well as linear polarization measurements were obtained but circular polarization was not detected.     

Photochemistry of methane-water ices

We report a study on the broadband ultraviolet photolysis of methane-water ice mixtures, at low methane concentrations and temperatures relevant to the icy satellites of the outer Solar System. The photochemistry of these mixtures is dominated by the action of hydroxyl radicals on methane and the resulting products. This implies that, given sufficient exposure time, the methane will eventually be completely oxidized to carbon dioxide. The presence of methane inhibits the formation of hydrogen peroxide by serving as a trap for hydroxyl radicals. The distribution of photochemical products is broadly similar to that previously conducted using ion and electron sources, with some differences possibly attributable to the difference in radiation source. The results are applicable to a variety of icy bodies in the Solar System. On Enceladus, where methane mixed with water is measured in the plumes, methane in the surface ices is subject to oxidation and will eventually be converted to CO₂. The CH stretch feature detected in the VIMS spectra of the Enceladus surface ice suggests that methane is currently being supplied to the surface ice, likely from re-condensation of the plume gas.