Unified approach to amplitude attenuation and coda excitation in the randomly inhomogeneous lithosphere

A unified model is proposed for explaining the frequency dependent amplitude attenuation and the coda wave excitation on the basis of the single scattering process in the randomly inhomogeneous lithosphere. Adopting Birch's law and a direct proportion between density and wave velocity, we statistically describe the inhomogeneous medium by one random function characterized by the von Karman autocorrelation function. We calculate the amplitude attenuation from the solid angle integral of scattered wave energy on the basis of the Born approxiimation after subtracting the travel-time fluctuation effect caused by slowly varying velocity inhomogeneities. This subtraction is equivalent to neglect energy loss by scattering within a cone around the forward direction. The random inhomogeneity of the von Karman autocorrelation function of order 0.35 with the mean square fractional fluctuation of 7.2×10^–3 1.3×10^–2 and the correlation distance of 2.15.1 km well explains observed backward scattering coefficientg and the ratioQ _P ^–1 /Q _S ^–1 , and observed and partially conjecturedQ _S ^–1 for frequencies between 0.5 Hz and 30 Hz.     

福州盆地及其周围地区地壳深部结构与构造的初步研究

1986-1988年,福建省地震局在福州盆地及其周围地区完成了五条地震测深剖面:宁德-永春剖面;洪懒-宁德剖面;莲峰-福州（尚干）剖面;南平-永泰-平潭非纵剖面;并在宁德-古田-嵩口首次试验扇形剖面观测系统,结果表明,扇形剖面对确定断裂是有效的. 根据对地震波走时的正、反演计算,用理论地震图和射线追踪方法进一步修改和完善,得到了福州盆地及其周围地区地壳深部为高、低速相间的速度分布特征.地壳介质速度为6.40km/s,在中地壳普遍发育一层速度为5.80-5.90 km/s、厚度约5.0 km的低速层.Moho面深度30-33 km,福州盆地为一Moho面隆起区,隆起幅度达3.0 km.北西向断裂发育,其中,闽江断裂在纵剖面和扇形剖面均有明显的反映,并切割到Moho面2.0-3.0 km. 反射波谱频方法计算得到福州盆地地壳Q值仅120-150,比邻近地区明显偏低,中地壳低速层Q值为40-80,是一典型的低速-高导-低Q（高衰减）结构层,此层上界面埋深14-15 km,与居里面埋深较一致.这些结果为福州地区的地热资源远景预测和开发提供了地壳深部结构和某些地球物理场背景.     

Modeling vp and Q on Explosion Seismology Data in NE Tibet

MODELING v_P AND Q ON EXPLOSION SEISMOLOGY DATA IN NE TIBET     

利用Aki模型对宁夏及邻区尾波Q值分布特征的研究

从2008年1月至2013年12月宁夏地震台网记录的665次ML≥2.0地震的数字地震波形资料中,选取波形记录清晰、噪声水平满足计算条件的数字地震波形记录,利用Aki模型,计算宁夏及邻区各区域尾波Q值,并与前人已有结果进行对比,得到该区尾波Q值的分布特征。结果表明:宁夏及邻区尾波Q值整体呈北高南低分布;吴忠、灵武地区该值相对较高,与该区域存在高速区相对应;阿拉善左旗西南该值较低;中卫、海原及附近地区该值相对较低,认为与该区域地壳深部的高温度与高热流值有关。     

Probing subparsec structure in the Lyman α forest with gravitational microlensing

We present the results of microlens ray-tracing simulations showing the effect of absorbing material between a source quasar and a lensing galaxy in a gravitational lens system. We find that, in addition to brightness fluctuations due to microlensing, the strength of the absorption line relative to the continuum varies with time, with the properties of the variations depending on the structure of the absorbing material. We conclude that such variations will be measurable via ultraviolet spectroscopy of image A of the gravitationally lensed quasar Q2237+0305 if the Lyman α clouds between the quasar and the lensing galaxy possess structure on scales smaller than ∼0.1 pc. The time-scale for the variations is on the order of years to decades, although very short-term variability can occur. While the Lyman α lines may not be accessible at all wavelengths, this approach is applicable to any absorption system, including metal lines.     

Structuring subjectivities? Using Q methodology in human geography

This paper presents a critical and reflexive account of using Q methodology in human geography. Q methodology has a long pedigree in psychological, political and sociological research, but is only recently beginning to be used by human geographers. We discuss, in particular, the parts of the process(es) of Q methodology that are often glossed over in the literature, through reflecting on our learning in using Q within a project examining the use and production of environmental science by NGOs. We conclude that Q may be a useful supplement to existing methods in human geography, as long as it is used creatively and reflexively and with full awareness of its interpretative dimensions.     

亚热带马尼拉草坪生态系统呼吸昼夜变化研究初报

采用Li-8100对亚热带马尼拉草坪生态系统呼吸及其分室昼夜动态进行研究,结果表明,草坪生态系统呼吸、土壤呼吸和植物地上部分呼吸速率的昼夜变化均表现为单峰曲线,呼吸速率日最高值出现在中午13：00～14：00;草坪生态系统的呼吸速率最低值只出现在6月的7：00左右,其他月份的最低值出现在23：00～2：00;土壤呼吸速率的最低值出现在4月和6月的7：00左右,8月则在2：00达最低值,11月土壤呼吸速率波动不大,极值不太明显．生态系统呼吸速率始终表现为白天高于夜间．4月、6月、8月和11月生态系统呼吸的日排放C量分别为27．30、43．94、44．79和25．18g m^2d^-1．6月、8月和11月土壤日呼吸量占整个生态系统日呼吸总量的比例大约为50％,远小于4月的74％．除11月外,生态系统、土壤总呼吸速率的昼夜变化均与5cm土温呈显著的指数相关．草坪生态系统呼吸的Q10值大小顺序为4月〉11月〉6月〉8月,土壤总呼吸的Q10值大小顺序为6月〉4月〉8月〉11月;除11月外,土壤呼吸的Q10值大于生态系统呼吸．     

Proposed support design, Kaletepe tunnel, Turkey

In this paper, preliminary support design of Kaletepe tunnel, located on Bilecik-Istanbul highway, Turkey, was analyzed by empirical and numerical methods. The rock mass rating (RMR) and rock mass quality (Q) systems were employed for empirical rock mass quality determination. Numerical analysis for the stress–strain distribution of the tunnel excavation and support systems was also carried out. The applied support performance was investigated at different sections of the tunnel route. It was seen that empirical and numerical approaches showed similar results. This indicates that when the empirical method is supported by numerical method, the preliminary support design will be more reliable.