地震波散射研究的新进展——第25届IASPEI大会S13专题报告会“地震波散射与衰减”简介

本文以IASPEI的“地震波的散射与衰减”专题报告会为主,评述了近几年在地震波散射方面的研究进展.述评所涉及的方面有:1.关于地震尾波的起源;2.大震前尾波包络的前兆性变化;3.地震尾波包络衰降的机理;4.区分散射和吸收的新方法;5.新领域的开拓和研究.     

用深井观测的地震研究东川地区随深度变化的场地放大因子.

采用中日合作，分别布设于东川垂直竖井中地下200ｍ、100ｍ 和地面３个位置的高精度数字化地震仪记录的地方震资料（震中距8.5～95ｋｍ，震级ML1.3～5.1），用频谱比的分析方法计算了东川地区不同深度（－100ｍ 和地面）的场地放大因子．在８个频率（f ＝0.75，1.0，1.5，2，3，4，5和12Ｈｚ）上所对应的在-100ｍ 处的3个分向（N-S，E-W，U-D）的场地放大因子（与-200ｍ 处相比），当0.75Ｈｚ f 2Ｈｚ时，为1.0～1.49；当2Ｈｚ＜ f ＜12Ｈｚ时，为0.47～0.99；在地面，3个分向在8个频率上所对应的场地放大因子（与-200ｍ 处相比）均大于1，其值为1.6～7.63．-100ｍ 处的Ｓ波和尾波场地放大因子与地面的Ｓ波和尾波的场地放大因子的相关系数，当0.75Ｈｚ f 2Ｈｚ频段时，分别为0.82和0.81；当2Ｈｚ＜ f＜12Ｈｚ频段时，分别为0.47和0.45．      

Frequency characteristics of coda and determination of medium parameters in Lingwu region, China

In this paper, considering the influences of source spectrum, the scattering property of medium and instrument response on the dominant frequency of coda, a method of using the coda of local earthquake to determine the correlation length of medium andQ-value is given. We find the following formula as: {fx719-1} wheret* =t/Q, f is the dominant frequency of coda,u ₁ andu ₂ are the parameters depend on the correlation length and the corner frequency of the source spectrum respectively,I(f) is a function of instrument response. If the source parameter is given, we can obtain the correlation length andQ-value by means of the inversion of observed curves off-t of coda. We processed the data of coda wave of more than 40 earthquakes from 1982 to 1989 in Lingwu region, China, determined the correlation length andQ-value, and preliminarily studied the temporal change of correlation length before and after moderately strong earthquakes. The result suggests that there are indications that the correlation length of medium decreases before the moderate earthquake. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,14, 62–70, 1992.     

Effect of anelastic and scattering structures of the lithosphere on the shape of local earthquake coda

A simple model of single acoustic scattering is used to study the dependence of the shape of local earthquake coda on the anelastic and scattering structures of the lithosphere. The model is applied to the coda of earthquakes located near Stone Canyon, central California, and provides an explanation for the features observed in the data, which include an interesting temporal variation in the coda shape. A surficial layer with aQ of 50 and thickness of 10 or 25 km underlain by a zone with aQ of 1000 extending to the bottom of the lithosphere, together with a scattering scale length,a, that varies with depthz according to the relationa=0.3 exp[-(z/45)²] are found to constitute the simplest structure of the medium compatible with the coda data and with body and surface wave attenuation data. The profile of heterogeneity sizes implies that the scattering strength increases strongly with depth, a constraint required by the necessity to boost the energy of the later coda without forcing the intrinsicQ to be excessively high in the uppermost mantle. This constraint is viewed as an artifact of the single scattering model which overstimates the scattering coefficient due to the neglect of multiple scattering. The observed temporal variation of the signal is difficult to explain by a simple change of the intrinsicQ at some depth. Rather, it is suggested that the scattering properties at depth changed with time through a variation of the fractional rms velocity fluctuation on the order of one percent.     

Propagation and attenuation characteristics of the crustal phaseLg

TheLg wave consists of the superposition ofS waves supercritically reflected, and thus trapped, in the crust. This mode of propagation explains the strong amplitude of this phase and the large distance range in which it is observed. The numerical simulation leads to successful comparison between observed seismograms in stable continental areas and synthetics computed for simple standard crustal models. In regions with strong lateral variations, the influence of large-scale heterogeneities on theLg amplitude is not yet clearly established in terms of the geometrical characteristics of the crustal structure.The analysis of the decay of amplitude ofLg with epicentral distance allows the evaluation of the quality factor ofS waves in the crust. The results obtained show the same trends as codaQ: a clear correlation with the tectonic activity of the region considered, both for the value ofQ at 1 Hz and for its frequency dependence, suggesting that scattering plays a prominent part among the processes that cause the attenuation.The coda ofLg is made up of scatteredS waves. The study of the spatial attenuation of the coda indicated that a large part of the arrivals that compose the coda propagate asLg. The relative amplitude of the coda is larger at sites located on sediments because, in these conditions, a part ofLg energy can be converted locally into lower order surface modes.     

尾波干涉技术在2017年重庆武隆MS 5.0地震后震源区地壳介质变化的应用

2017年11月23日,重庆武隆发生M_S 5.0地震,震后1个月内发生107次M_L≥1.0地震,双差定位结果显示,主震震源深度约10 km,破裂面呈近SW向单侧破裂。选取震中附近布设的3个流动台地震波形及观测资料记录,利用波形互相关技术,挑选武隆M_S 5.0地震后符合条件的重复地震事件,利用尾波干涉技术,分析震源区震后地壳介质变化。结果显示：①S波早期尾波部分呈明显的线性变化,可能由震源区附近地壳介质的波速变化所引起;②由震中距最小的重复地震计算的相对波速变化最大;③在P波尾波发现走时延迟和不相关系数均存在1个短周期“尖峰”变化,可能与震后地下介质中散射体的运移有关;④震后局部地区的地震波速度存在上升—下降的恢复过程。     

Theoretical researches on three-dimensional coda wave scattering problem

Ｔｈｅｏｒｅｔｉｃａｌｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｅｓｏｎｔｈｒｅｅ－ｄｉｍｅｎｓｉｏｎａｌｃｏｄａｗａｖｅｓｃａｔｔｅｒｉｎｇｐｒｏｂｌｅｍＹｏｎｇ－ＡｎＮＩＥ；ＪｉａｎＺＥＮＧａｎｄＤｅ－ＹｉＦＥＮＧ（聂永安，曾健，冯德益）（ＳｅｉｓｍｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＢｕｒ...