A new project to monitor land subsidence in the northern Venice coastland (Italy)

The paper deals with the implementation of a levelling and Global Positioning System (GPS) network to control land subsidence in the coastal area north of the Venice Lagoon. About 480 km of levelling lines with 527 benchmarks, 45 of which suited for Differential GPS measurements, were established in 2004. A complete survey of the net was carried out in 2004 soon after its establishment. The 2004 records have been compared with previous scattered data obtained by the use of levelling surveys, DGPS and SAR interferometry. The results show a trend in land settlement that increases from the lagoon margin to the north and jeopardize the Venice coastland. Groundwater withdrawals for domestic, agricultural, and health spas uses, peat oxidation of reclaimed marshlands for farming, natural consolidation of the Holocene deposits, and tectonics of the pre-Quaternary basement are the causes of land subsidence in the study area. Since most of the area lies below the mean sea level and on account of the expected sea level rise due to global change, a detailed monitoring of land displacements in the near future will be of paramount importance to plan necessary works for coastland protection.     

苏北沿海三市三维地下水流数值模拟

20世纪80年代以来,苏北沿海三市（连云港、盐城和南通）地下水过量开采导致部分地区水位持续大幅下降,引发地面沉降、水质咸化等问题。本文基于研究区大量地质、水文地质资料,以及2005—2013年地下水开采和水位观测数据,经过模型识别、验证,建立了能刻画苏北沿海三市地下水流场演化的三维非均质各向异性地下水流数值模型,模拟了研究区2005—2013年开采量由约2.03亿m³逐渐减少到1.56亿m³条件下深部地下水系统流场（包括第Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ承压含水层）的动态演化过程。结果表明,各观测孔的水位实测值与模拟值吻合良好,水位及水均衡模拟结果显示各含水层水位下降得到有效控制,但是该区域地下水仍处于超采状态。为进一步控制水位下降,防治咸水扩散、地面沉降等地质环境灾害,模型预测并比较了现状开采和限制开采2种不同开采方案下2014—2020年苏北沿海三市深层地下水流场的变化趋势。预报结果显示,2种开采方案下,各含水层水位下降速率均减小,尤其是限制开采方案下,第Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ承压含水层的区域水位平均下降速率依次为0.15、0.16和0.15 m/a,分别比模拟期减小了46.43%、65.21%和48.28%,在开采强度降至最低的条件下储存量变化速率仍为负值,说明需要进一步加强地下水限制开采的力度。     

略论全新世海面变化的波动性及其环境意义

本文根据统计分析、模型模拟、虚拟试验和多种海面变化代用资料的研究结果,提出了全新世中国东部海面和全球平均海面千年尺度波动期和两千年来中国东部海面百年尺度波动期的划分方案,分析了这些波动与同期全球和中国温度波动之间的对应关系。以长江三角洲地区为例,探讨了全新世千年-百年尺度海面波动对沿海地区海陆环境演变和人地关系的影响,提出了三角洲和沿海平原全新世海陆交互作用研究应注意从趋势模式向波动模式推进的建议。     

采用神经网络模型对天津滨海新区地面沉降预测的研究

在分析天津市滨海新区地面沉降原因的基础上 ,建立了人工神经网络预测模型。模型的训练和检验结果说明 ,该模型的结构合理、精度高 ,可以用于对该区地面沉降趋势的分析预测。预测结果表明 ,在保持现状开采量的情况下 ,塘沽、汉沽和大港 3个区的地面沉降量均有减缓趋势。其中 ,地下水开采量塘沽区应控制在 0 .1 9亿 m3/a;汉沽区则应压缩至 0 .2 8亿 m3/a;大港区即使减少到 0 .2 2亿 m3/a也难以满足 2 0 1 0年规划值 ,因此还应采取综合治理措施     

Characteristics of natural low pH groundwater in the coastal aquifers near Beihai, China

Groundwater with low total dissolved solids （less than 200 mg/L） occurs in the unconfined and confined aquifers near Beihai in southern Guangxi, China. Under natural conditions the groundwater ranges in pH from 3,33 to 7,0 with an average value of 5.12. The pH in the unconfined aquifer varies from 3.67 to 7.0 with an average value of 5.17 and the pH in the confined aquifer is in the range 3.33-6.97 with an average value of 5.07. The pH in the groundwater does not show significantly increasing or decreasing trends with time. Fluctuations in pH exist at some of the monitoring wells and the pH in groundwater is a bit higher in the rainy season than in the dry season, Monitoring data show that the pH in rainwater is higher than in groundwater in the unconfined aquifer, whereas the pH in the latter is a bit higher than in the confined aquifer. A slightly decreasing trend in the pH was also found from the inland area to the coastal zone. The occurrence of weakly acidic groundwater in this area is attributed to the recharge from low pH precipitation and the multi-aquifer and leaky groundwater system.     

露头处具有淤泥层的滨海含水层系统中海潮引起的水头波动

滨海地区社会与经济的发展引发了各种各样的水文地质问题, 因此对滨海地区的水文地质条件, 尤其是地下水与海水之间的水力联系的研究尤为重要.本文考察了海底露头处具有淤泥层的滨海含水层系统中由海潮引起的水头波动.该系统由潜水含水层、承压含水层和介于其间的弱透水层构成.建立了该系统的数学模型, 得到了该模型的解析解.该解析解包含2个无量纲参数: 弱透水层的相对越流系数和淤泥层的相对透水系数.解析解表明, 淤泥层使各处的水头波幅被缩小了一个常数倍(波幅缩减因子), 并使各处的波动相位产生了一个不超过45°的正位移常数(时滞).该时滞对半日潮不超过1.5h, 对全日潮不超过3h.波幅缩减因子和正位移常数只与弱透水层的相对越流系数和淤泥层的相对透水系数有关.当这两个无量纲参数取某些特殊值时, 本次研究的解和前人考虑的几种较简单情形所对应的解一致.承压含水层中水头波幅随着淤泥层的相对透水系数的递增而严格递增, 随弱透水层的相对越流系数的递增而严格递减; 波动相位随着这2个无量纲参数的递增均严格递减.分析表明弱透水层的越流和淤泥层的存在均对承压含水层水头波动有显著影响.      

浙江省滨海平原地下水开采与地面沉降

浙江省滨海平原地面沉降自20世纪60年代发生以来，随着地下水的不断开采，造成洪涝灾害加剧、海潮上岸、城市排水排污能力削弱，内河通航能力下降、农田长年受淹等危害，影响社会经济的可持续发展。根据多年来的地面沉降与地下水动态监测、调查成果，对浙江省滨海平原地面沉降历史与现状、地面沉降基本规律进行总结，提出地面沉降防治对策建议     

Sedimentological analysis of a Late Quaternary coastal dune system: An example from Gopnath,south‐east Saurashtra,Western India

Coastal dune systems consisting of allochemical grains are important sedimentary archives of Pleistocene age in both of the hemispheres between the latitudes of 20° to 40°. The south Saurashtra coast in western India exhibits a large section of Middle Pleistocene aeolianites in the form of coastal cliffs, which is famous as ‘Miliolite’. Miliolites of Gopnath in south‐east Saurashtra are the oldest known coastal aeolianite deposits (age >156 ka which corresponds to Marine Isotope Stage 6) in western India. Aeolian deposits of similar ages have also been reported from the Thar Desert in north‐west India and from Southern Arabia which were largely controlled by the south‐west monsoon wind system that affects the entire belt corresponding to Sahara–Sahel, the Arabian Peninsula and north‐western India. Miliolite deposits in Gopnath are characterized by grainfall, grainflow and wind ripple laminations. At least three types of aeolian bounding surfaces have been identified. Five major facies have been identified which represent the dune and interdune relationship within the coastal aeolian system. The major dune bodies are identified as transverse dune types. The Gopnath aeolianites were deposited under dominantly dry aeolian conditions. Facies association reveals two different phases of aeolian accumulation, namely initiation of aeolian sedimentation after a prolonged hiatus and the establishment of a regularized aeolian sedimentation system. While initiation of aeolian sedimentation is marked by vast stretches of sheet sand with occasional dune bodies, the overlying thick, tabular, laterally extensive cross‐stratified units manifest regular aeolian sedimentation. However, the dune building events in Gopnath were interrupted by development of laterally extensive palaeosol horizons. Eustasy and climate exerted the major allogenic controls on the aeolian sedimentation by affecting the sediment budget as well as influencing the sedimentation pattern.     

全球变化中的浅海沉积作用与物理环境演化——以渤、黄、东海区域为例

以渤、黄、东海陆架区为例 ,综合评述入海沉积物通量、浅海沉积作用和人类活动影响下的物理环境变化。黄河、长江沉积物入海后主要堆积于河口附近 ,沉积速率为 10～ 10 0mm/a ,部分物质输运至陆架区 ,形成泥质沉积体 ,其沉积速率为 1mm/a量级。但目前河流入海沉积物通量呈减小趋势 ,今后河口附近的堆积将会减缓 ,并在总体上转化为侵蚀状态。在过去的 7ka里 ,来自黄河、长江等河流的沉积物形成了河口三角洲、滨海平原、潮流脊和潮汐汊道沉积体系 ,其演化方式是双重的 ,既有常态边界条件和外力作用下的演化 ,又有边界条件和外力作用发生变异时的演化。边界条件和外力作用变异的原因包括入海通量变化、全球气候变化、海面上升和人类活动等。建议从中国海岸带城市化发展的现状和需求出发 ,对此进行深入研究。     

卡尔曼滤波在沿海冬半年风力预报中的应用

应用卡尔曼滤波方法,制作１９９５年１１月和１９９６年１月防城港市逐日最大风力３６￣１３２小时预报,预报结果精度高,表明该方法在沿海冬半年风力的预报上很有实用价值。