Physical and anthropogenic effects on observed long-term nutrient changes in the Irish Sea

The trend in Irish Sea nutrient concentrations over the last four decades has been considered to reflect changes in anthropogenic loading. Comparison of a long-term database for the Menai Strait, North Wales, with an established historic data set for the Cypris station, Isle of Man, indicates that climate also has a significant influence on observations of nutrient concentrations. Data are presented detailing long-term shifts in nitrate, phosphate and silicate measurements since the 1960s at these two fixed sampling sites in the Irish Sea. Broad systematic changes observed in all three nutrients over the decades show a rise from the 1960s through to the 1980s, followed generally by an overall decline in the 1990s. Decadal-scale salinity changes occur in the opposite sense to nutrient changes. Anthropogenic inputs from freshwater cannot fully account for observed nutrient trends, neither is there evidence for shifts in nutrient concentrations in oceanic waters over the past four decades. Climatically forced movement in the geographical position of the freshwater/seawater mixing zone over a decadal time scale could, however, give rise to the observed shifts in nutrient concentration and salinity. This cannot alter nutrient concentration and salinity per se, but causes the measurements taken at fixed sampling sites to fluctuate inversely over this time scale. It is concluded that there is complex interplay between anthropogenic loading and climate affecting the distribution of nutrients in the Irish Sea.     

北仑港区宁波组晚大理冰期气候特征

以往认为宁波组沉积时期的古气候为寒冷干燥或冷凉干燥。本文依据北仑B_(12)孔的孢粉资料,阐明在这一冷期中曾有一次相对较暖的气候波动,据此又可分冷凉—温和—温凉三个阶段,湿度以略湿为主。此外,还讨论了本区在晚大理冰期温度、湿度的变化特点。     

森林地下碳分配(TBCA)研究进展

森林地下碳分配(TBCA)是森林碳循环的重要通量,对森林碳吸存有十分重要作用.TBCA是森林生态系统GPP中一个最大的汇,可占GPP的21%～61%,土壤呼吸的2/3来自TBCA.目前国际上常用的TBCA测定方法为碳平衡法,在假定地下碳库处于稳定状态时,TB-CA可由土壤呼吸减去凋落物量获得,但该方法存在一系列问题.影响森林TBCA的因素有生产力、森林类型、树龄和森林演替阶段、土壤养分和水分有效性、林分密度和树种组成、气候变化因素等.TBCA中各个组成部分均较难以测定和量化,通常假定TBCA中根系呼吸与根系生产力各约占50%,而TBCA中菌根菌和根系分泌物的贡献则仍不清楚.有关TBCA各组分去向及影响机理的研究亦很少.TBCA未来的研究应致力于揭示TBCA的根本驱动因子和其对全球变化的响应机理,以及TBCA转化为土壤新碳的效率及控制因素;同时应提高TBCA测定方法的确定性,特别是应将碳同位素法、微根管法及碳平衡法三者相结合.     

Physiological aspects of the production and conversion of DMSP in marine algae and higher plants

Dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP) is a compound produced in several classes of algae and higher plants that live in the marine environment. Considering its generally high intracellular concentrations, DMSP has a function in the osmotic protection of algal cells. Due to the relatively slow adaptation of its intracellular concentrations upon salinity shifts, DMSP should, however, not be considered as an osmoticum in the strict sense of being responsible for osmotic balance, but rather as a constitutive compatible solute. Besides salinity, other factors also appear to affect cellular DMSP quotas, but the exact regulatory mechanisms are still unclear. In this review, a brief discussion is given of the three pathways of DMSP biosynthesis that are currently distinguished. This is followed by an overview of the factors that affect DMSP biosynthesis (light, salinity, temperature and nitrogen limitation) in relation to its physiological functions. A new hypothesis is presented in which DMSP production is described as an overflow mechanism for excess reduced compounds and for energy excess. Finally, the possible functionality of the enzymatic cleavage of DMSP is discussed in the context of an overflow mechanism.     

天目山千亩田泥炭腐殖化度记录的中全新世气候变化

以14C测年为基础,构建了天目山千亩田地区泥炭沼泽剖面年龄-深度模式曲线,通过该区的腐殖化度与烧失量分析研究,发现两者呈现出很好的相关性,共同记录了该地区4 200 aBP以来的气候变化,可划分出3个主要阶段:早期(4 135±40~3 200 aBP)泥炭腐殖化度偏低,指示气候湿热;中期(3 200~630 aBP)泥炭腐殖化度偏高,指示气候温凉偏干;晚期(630 aBP以来),泥炭腐殖化度偏低,气候温凉湿润。     

增氧机自动控制电路

介绍作者自行设计、研制的控制增氧机运行时间的自动控制电路及其原理．该电路采用ＣＭＯＳ集成芯片，结构简单、工作可靠，价格低，业经试验证实：各项性能指标均符合要求．     

临汾盆地晚冰期至中全新世黄土-古土壤序列的风化特征及指示的气候意义

了解中国北方晚冰期和全新世时期的气候环境变化及其驱动机制,有助于预测未来气候变化的可能情景。基于黄土高原东南缘临汾盆地的黄土-古土壤剖面,在3个AMS14C年代的支持下,通过粒度、磁化率、土壤有机碳以及地球化学元素等指标,重建了临汾盆地晚冰期至中全新世晚期的气候变化历史。结果表明：宋村沟剖面的黄土和古土壤分别处于初等和中等化学风化阶段,而不同地区风成堆积物的化学风化强度存在明显差异,主要受控于东亚夏季风的区域变化。多指标综合分析表明,晚冰期以来临汾盆地的气候演变经历了4个阶段：晚冰期东亚冬季风较强,气候干冷;早全新世东亚夏季风强化,气候向暖湿转变;早中全新世东亚夏季风达到峰值,为最暖湿的适宜期;中全新世晚期东亚夏季风减弱,气候再次转向干冷;临汾盆地的气候变化主要受控于北半球太阳辐射强度和冰量的变化。     

晋南地区全新世中期遗址时空分布与气候演化的关系

基于ArcGIS10.8平台结合最邻近指数、核密度分析叠加标准差椭圆等方法,研究晋南地区全新世中期1 415处遗址的时空演变。结果表明：晋南地区全新世中期遗址空间分布从集聚到逐渐离散;遗址重心向高纬度地区、逆时针方向位移,方向呈现先东北后西北的变化。核密度分析表明,空间布局从仰韶期的团状到龙山期的以陶寺文化为中心的带状分布。与仰韶时期相比,龙山时期处于过渡时期的弱暖湿气候阶段,干燥更为明显,遗址沿着盆地和河流分布。由于此时农业技术水平高,人类适应能力增强,人口迅速增加,从而推动了龙山文化发展;后期气候逐渐恶化,人类生存面临严峻挑战,导致龙山文化被迫中断。随后进入了夏商时期,遗址数目较少,分布与山地联系密切。这种龙山文化到夏商文化的演变可能与4 kaBP前后降温事件有关。因此,研究全新世中期晋南地区遗址时空分布与环境演化,对于理解不同环境下人类响应与适应具有重要意义。     

基于大数据分析下的气候模型

为研究全球变暖与极寒天气间的关系,对加拿大13个省代表性测站10年的观测数据进行时空变化趋势分析,采用经验正交函数(EOF)寻找海洋表面温度历史数据的变化规律。另外利用BP神经网络建立了年平均温度、日降水量与地球吸热、散热、海表面温度、当地纬度间的关系,预测未来25年气候的变化,并建立了"极寒天气"与气候变化的关系模型。研究表明:高纬度地区温度、降水量普遍较低,同经度地区的温度差异较小且降水量变化不大;加拿大地区温度呈周期性变化,符合北半球的季节变化特征;北大西洋的东部与其他海洋的温度是反相关的,西太平洋南北回归线附近的海洋表面温度升高;"极寒天气"出现频率与气候变化有一定关系,局地极寒现象与全球变暖的大趋势并不矛盾。本研究为人们认识和理解"全球变暖"提供了一个新的思路。