泵吸反循环钻进工艺在桩基施工中的应用

介绍了泵吸反循环钻进的施工特点、适用范围，施工中的技术要求与常见故障的原因及处理方法。     

1998年夏季季风爆发前后南海上层环流的诊断分析

基于1998年南海季风试验（SCSMEX，South China Sea Monsoon Experiment)期间2个强化观测航次（4－5月及6－7）所获温盐深（CTD）资料，利用一个改进逆模式研究了夏季季风爆发前后南海环流的演变特征。诊断计算表明，在此期间南海环流主要表现为两脊两槽型，即越南以东和菲律宾以西呈反气旋式环流，南海北部和南海中部呈气旋式环流。但对局部区域而言，可以发现在季风爆发前后其环流结构有明显的差异。上述计算结果亦与等压面上海水密度分布的定性分析结果及同期观测的ADCP资料进行了比较，结果表明模式计算所得到的南海上层环流主要特征与定性分析结果及实测资料大体一致，诊断结果可作为南海上层季风环流演变机制研究的依据。     

伊犁河谷汛期一场短时强降水雨滴谱特征分析

利用常规地面、高空资料、新一代天气雷达资料、雨滴谱资料,对2012年8月3日发生在伊犁河谷的一次较大范围暴雨的天气背景、雷达回波特征和降雨微物理特征等进行深入分析。结果表明,200hPa西西伯利亚西风槽、500hPa中亚低涡和地面冷锋是这次强降雨过程的主要影响系统。河谷喇叭口地形对气流的机械挤压、东高西低地形对对流的触发、地形强迫抬升对对流和降水的增强具有重要影响。这场降水过程属于积层混合云降水,其中大面积的层状云中嵌有多个对流云团,这些云团连接在一起就构成了对流性雨带,通过对暴雨雨滴谱演变分析得出,这次暴雨主要降水由对流性云团造成,对流云团微物理结构存在明显的不均匀性,其中存在多个强降水中心,其水平尺度多维持在10km左右,持续时间维持在5分钟到10分钟之内,降水集中且雨滴数浓度较高,一般在1000m-1个以上,雨滴谱宽及分布差异很大,小于1mm粒子数浓度很高,对雨强的贡献占两成以上。     

The Observed and Simulated Major Summer Climate Features in Northwest China and Their Sensitivity to Land Surface Processes

Northwest China （NWC） is a typical arid and semi-arid region. In this study, the main summer climate features over NWC are presented and the performance of an atmospheric general circulation model （NCEP GCM/SSiB） over this region is evaluated. Satellite-derived vegetation products are applied in the model. Based on comparison with observational data and Reanalysis II data, the model generally captures major features of the NWC summer energy balance and circulation. These features include： a high surface tem- perature center dominating the planetary boundary layer; widespread descending motion; an anticyclone （cyclone） located in the lower and middle （upper） troposphere, covering most parts of central NWC; and the precipitation located mainly in the high elevation areas surrounding NWC.
The sensitivity of the summer energy balance and circulation over NWC and surrounding regions to land surface processes is assessed with specified land cover change. In the sensitivity experiment, the degradation over most parts of NWC, except the Taklimakan desert, decreases the surface-absorbed radiation and leads to weaker surface thermal effects. In northern Xinjiang and surrounding regions, less latent heating causes stronger anomalous lower-level anticyclonic circulation and upper-level cyclonic circulation, leading to less summer precipitation and higher surface temperature. Meanwhile, the dry conditions in the Hexi Corridor produce less change in the latent heat flux. The circulation change to the north of this area plays a domi- nant role in indirectly changing lower-level cyclonic conditions, producing more convergence, weaker vertical descending motion, and thus an increase in the precipitation over this region.     

2014年夏季长江流域持续性低温的大尺度环流异常

采用中国地面站气温逐日观测资料、NOAA全球逐日海表温度资料,及NCEP/NCAR的全球日均再分析资料,研究了2014年持续性低温的三维结构及大尺度环流异常。结果表明,2014年的低温异常,除了在陆地上区域性地出现在长江流域,还以大尺度带状的形式、从陆地延伸到海洋上。这种带状异常不只出现在近地面,在大气各层（925～500 hPa）都能看到。分析指出,大气中的这个低温带主要由高纬大气环流异常造成。在位势高度场上,最重要的异常出现在高纬60°N,有呈带状的位势高度正距平,它引导（距平意义上的）偏北气流从正北和东北偏东方向侵入,在其南侧形成一带状的偏低温区。大气各层均呈现出这种在高纬有位势高度正距平、相应地在稍南的低纬（40°N）有位势高度负距平、两者之间为低温区的分布特征。从低层往上,这种配置型式整体表现出由南往北的倾斜,其垂直剖面表现为距平意义上的、大尺度、类似于锋面的倾斜结构。文中用简单的概念模型对此进行理解,认为这种结构是由大气动力异常和热力异常相互影响、共同作用而形成的。     

达尔文气压变化与蒙古东北部降水的关系研究

达尔文港是气象工作者非常熟悉的地名,因为南方涛动就是由达尔文和塔希提岛两个站的气压之差来定义的,达尔文港的气压(DP)可以代表澳大利亚北部海洋性大陆地区的气压.因此,作者的研究目的就是揭示该区域气压系统的变化与蒙古东北部降水的关系.结果表明,DP的正位相和区域低层大气辐散、高层大气辐合环流相关连,在亚洲对流层上层是异常西南风,对流层下层是异常偏北风,东亚季风减弱,在蒙古东北部地区的异常风为西北向,即,由内陆地区吹向西北太平洋地区,这意味着水汽由海洋向蒙古地区的输送减弱了,从而造成了降水的减少.反之亦然.     

Atmospheric Precursors of and Response to Anomalous Arctic Sea Ice in CMIP5 Models

This study examines pre-industrial control simulations from CMIP5 climate models in an effort to better understand the complex relationships between Arctic sea ice and the stratosphere, and between Arctic sea ice and cold winter temperatures over Eurasia. We present normalized regressions of Arctic sea-ice area against several atmospheric variables at extended lead and lag times. Statistically significant regressions are found at leads and lags, suggesting both atmospheric precursors of, and responses to, low sea ice; but generally, the regressions are stronger when the atmosphere leads sea ice, including a weaker polar stratospheric vortex indicated by positive polar cap height anomalies. Significant positive midlatitude eddy heat flux anomalies are also found to precede low sea ice. We argue that low sea ice and raised polar cap height are both a response to this enhanced midlatitude eddy heat flux. The so-called "warm Arctic, cold continents" anomaly pattern is present one to two months before low sea ice, but is absent in the months following low sea ice, suggesting that the Eurasian cooling and low sea ice are driven by similar processes. Lastly, our results suggest a dependence on the geographic region of low sea ice, with low Barents–Kara Sea ice correlated with a weakened polar stratospheric vortex, whilst low Sea of Okhotsk ice is correlated with a strengthened polar vortex. Overall, the results support a notion that the sea ice, polar stratospheric vortex and Eurasian surface temperatures collectively respond to large-scale changes in tropospheric circulation.     

FIRST TRANSITION OF THE CIRCULATIONS IN ASIA AROUND MID－MAY FROM 7－YEAR MEAN ECMWF DATA

The time evolution of the general circulation over the South China Sea and surrounding areas during the period from April to June is studied using ECMWF data of 1980-1986. The first transition from the second (6-10 May ) to the third (11-15 May ) pentads is characterized by the distinct change of low-level (850 hpa ) winds from southeasterlies to southwesterlies along 15°N over the South China Sea, and by the sudden movement of the center of South Asian high in the upper troposphere (200 hpa ) from 10-15°N to 15-20°N over Southeast Asia. Corresponding to the abrupt change in circulations, the gradients of the temperature and humidity intensity along latitudes center on 30°N over East Asia at 850 hpa. The time sequence of the 850- 200 hpa layer thickness shows that the layer-mean temperature over the southeastern Tibetan Plateau-East China Plain region increases abruptly at the same time. The corresponding sudden increase of the vertically integrated heat source over the warming areas reveals that the heat source plays an evident role in the drastic changes. The time series of over the northern part of the South China Sea shows that the drastic increase of the areamean is also found but it is 5-10 days late than the change of corresponding wind fields. The time series of Xisha SST shows a continuous increase to about 29. 5°until May 10 when the abrupt changes in circulation occur.     

城市热岛和海风环流相互作用的数值模拟研究进展

在沿海城市地区,城市热岛环流和海风环流往往同时存在;它们在空气污染物的传输和扩散中均起至关重要的作用,对强对流天气亦有重要的触发作用.随着城市化的发展,空气污染等环境问题变得越来越严峻,突然性强对流天气所造成的灾害也越来越严重.因此,沿海城市地区城市热岛和海风环流相互作用的研究受到日益广泛的关注.本文回顾了近30 a来国内外关于城市热岛和海风环流相互作用数值模拟的研究历史,分析了目前的研究现状及存在的一些问题,概述了城市化、城市热岛对海风环流的影响,海风对城市热岛、城市热岛环流的影响,以及城市热岛环流和海风环流的耦合效应.最后,本文提出了一些有待于研究或需深入研究的问题;这些问题的研究将有助于进一步揭示沿海城市地区空气污染动力学机制、强对流天气触发机制.     

5月青藏高原上空环流与北疆夏季降水的关系

基于1961—2016年5—8月西藏高原环流指数、NCEP再分析资料和新疆96个气象观测站点的降水资料,通过相关分析和合成分析,研究了5月青藏高原上空环流与北疆夏季降水的关系,以及两者之间可能影响的物理机制。结果表明:(1)5月西藏高原环流指数Ⅰ与北疆夏季降水有较好的相关性,相关系数为0.38;(2)5月西藏高原环流指数Ⅰ的强弱变化会影响500hPa的夏季环流特征、夏季地表至300 hPa的水汽通量输送,当指数偏强时,夏季环流形势的配置和水汽输送均有利于北疆夏季降水,反之,则不利于北疆夏季降水;(3)夏季西藏高原环流指数Ⅰ和北疆夏季降水、5月西藏高原环流指数Ⅰ的关系密切,并且5月西藏高原环流指数Ⅰ和青藏高原5月、夏季的感热通量有明显的负相关,通过高原的热力持续性作用,5月西藏高原环流指数Ⅰ的强弱可以影响北疆夏季降水的多少。