Cretaceous flysch and pelagic sequences of the Eastern Alps: correlations, heavy minerals, and palaeogeographic implications

Flysch and pelagic sedimentation of the Penninic and Austroalpine tectonic units of the Eastern Alps are results of the closure of the Tethyan-Vardar and the Ligurian-Piemontais Oceans as well as of the progressive deformation of the Austroalpine continental margin. The Austroalpine sequences are characterized by Lower Cretaceous pelagic limestones or minor carbonate flysch and various siliciclastic mid- and Upper Cretaceous flysch formations. Chrome spinel is the most characteristic heavy mineral delivered by the southern Vardar suture, the northern obduction belt at the South Penninic-Austroalpine margin and its continuation into the Klippen belt sensu lato of the Carpathians. The South Penninic sequences, e.g. the Arosa zone, the Ybbsitz Klippen zone and some flysch nappes also contain chrome spinel, whereas the sediments of the North Penninic Rhenodanubian flysch zone are characterized by stable minerals and garnet.     

Missing ophiolitic rocks along the Mae Yuam Fault as the Gondwana–Tethys divide in north-west Thailand

Abstract Thailand comprises two continental blocks: Sibumasu and Indochina. The clastic rocks of the Triassic Mae Sariang Group are distributed in the Mae Hong Son–Mae Sariang area, north‐west Thailand, which corresponds to the central part of Sibumasu. The clastic rocks yield abundant detrital chromian spinels, indicating a source of ultramafic/mafic rocks. The chemistry of the detrital chromian spinels suggests that they were derived from three different rock types: ocean‐floor peridotite, chromitite and intraplate basalt, and that ophiolitic rocks were exposed in the area, where there are no outcrops of them at present. Exposition of an ophiolitic complex denotes a suture zone or other tectonic boundary. The discovery of chromian spinels suggests that the Gondwana–Tethys divide is located along the Mae Yuam Fault zone. Both paleontological and tectonic aspects support this conclusion.     

浙江青田石几个新品种的矿物学特征初步研究

青田蓝花钉、蓝花星、紫罗兰、山炮绿属于浙江青田石的新品种。通过X荧光、电子探针、红外吸收光谱、差热、X射线粉晶衍射、扫描电镜等方法分析测试表明，封门青品种主要由较纯叶蜡石组成，化学成分以富碱、富铝、贫硅为特征；蓝花钉品种蓝色团块由微晶刚玉组成；蓝花星品种的粒状矿物主要为富铁蓝线石；紫罗兰品种紫色花星成分为贫铁蓝线石，其中浅粉红色或灰白色斑点矿物主要为红柱石；山炮绿主要矿物为含铬绢云母，次要矿物为石英，且含少量黄铁矿、红柱石、伊利石等，因其色艳质细而成为青田雕刻石的又一新品种。     

Experimental Study on the Solubility of Cr^2 in Olivine,Orthopyroxene and Spinel Solid Solutions

Experiments have been performed on the system MgO-SiO2-Cr-O at 0-2.88 GPa and 1100-1450℃,focusing on the stability of Cr^2 in olivine(O1),orthopyroxene(Opx) and spinel(Sp) and its partitioning between these phases.Analytical reagent grade chemicals,MgO,SiO2,Cr2O3.and Cr were used to make starting mixtures.Excess Cr(50%) was then added in these mixtures to ensure that the resultant phases were in equilibrium with the metal Cr.Flux of BaO B2O3(%) was added for facilitating experimental equilibrium and crystal growth.Cr was used as capsule material.All phases in the product were identified by X-ray and analyzed by electron microprobe,The contents of CrO in the different phases(O1,Opx and Sp)were calculated according to stoichiometry.The obtained results of calculation indicate that Cr^3 in Ol and Opx is negligible.The experimental results show;(a) with increasing temperature and decreasing pressure,Cr^2 solubility in Ol,Opx and Sp increases;(b) with in creasing temperature,the partitioning coefficient of Mg and Cr^2 between Ol and Opx decreases,that between Opx and Sp increases,and that between Ol and Sp remains almost unchanged;(c) the effect of pressure on all partitioning coefficients is negligible.     

新发现的沂蒙矿类质同象系列矿物──K(Ti_5Fe_3Cr_2Mg_2)_(12)O_(19)及Ba(Ti_5Fe_4Mg_2Cr)_(12)O_(19)

在山东蒙阴金伯利岩中，首次发现了沂蒙矿类质同象系列新的富Ti矿物（变）种。理想的晶体化学式可表达为：K（Ti5Fe3Cr2Mg2）12O19（简称K－Ti沂蒙矿）（Ba，K）（Ti5Fe4Mg2Cr）12O19（简称Ba－Ti沂蒙矿）从而与原来确定的沂蒙矿K（Cr5Ti3Fe2Mg2）12O19和钡钛铁铝矿（Ba，K）（Cr4Fe4Ti3Mg）12O19一起构成了金伯利岩中AM12O19磁铁铅矿型矿物的K-Cr、Ba－Cr、K-Ti、Ba-Ti四种端元类型的复杂类质同象系列。新发现的两个矿物（变）种均产出于具叶片状尖晶石出溶体的镁钛铁矿中。根据结构已知的沂蒙矿中原子的占位和配位多面体情况，分析了K－Ti，Ba－Ti沂蒙矿中各原子的占位和配位多面体，认为新发现的两个（变）种在成分上与沂蒙矿和钡钛铁铬矿有明显的区别。根据镁钛铁矿、尖晶石、沂蒙矿新（变）种、钙钛矿之间的相互关系，探讨了它们的形成环境，从而为这类矿物的地幔成因提供了直接证据。     

尖晶石中的Si含量及其存在形式

自然岩石及简单和复杂体系中实验合成或经重新平衡的尖晶石化学成分显示，在中－低压条件下，与橄榄石共存的尖晶石可含一定量的Ｓｉ，其含量随温度和压力的升高而增大。用最小二乘法对简单体系中 实验数据的热力学模拟发现，Ｓｉ在铬尖晶石中以硅酸盐尖晶石（Ｍｇ２ＳｉＯ４）形式存在，Ｍｇ２ＳｉＯ４组份在铬尖晶石中的活度ａＳＤＭＧ２ＳｉＯ４＝（ＮＳＰＭＧ／２）２＊（ＮＳＰＳｉ）２（ＮＳＰＳｉ代表以４个氧为基础的单位尖     

Experimental calibration of sapphirine–spinel Fe–Mg exchange thermometer: Implication for constraints on P–T condition of Howard Hills, Napier Complex, East Antarctica

The Fe²⁺–Mg distribution coefficients between sapphirine and spinel:

were experimentally determined at pressures of 9–13 kbar and temperatures of 950–1150 °C using a natural ultrahigh-temperature (UHT) granulite with paragenesis of these minerals from the Napier Complex in East Antarctica [X_Mg = Mg / (Fe + Mg); X_Fe = Fe / (Fe + Mg)]. A new sapphirine–spinel geothermometer has been obtained as:

We applied the exchange thermometer to UHT or high-grade metamorphic rocks that were reported from various complexes in the world. If the K_D values of 2.63–4.34 obtained from low-Cr mineral pairs such as X_Cr^Spr < 0.016 and X_Cr^Spl < 0.047 were substituted into the equation, their temperature conditions would be estimated as 806–1050 °C at 11 kbar. The X_Cr means Cr / (Al + Cr(+ Fe³⁺)). These temperatures are reasonable retrograde or near peak metamorphic condition.     

伊通新生代玄武岩中辉石岩捕虏体的尖晶石成分分带

伊通新生代玄武岩中存在3种不同成因的捕虏体,其中上地幔岩浆分异结晶形成的辉石岩捕虏体中尖晶石具有独特的成分分带。电子探针分析显示在尖晶石矿物的边缘富Al,而贫Mg、Fe和Cr,矿物中心富Mg、Fe和Cr,而贫Al,从中心向两侧基本对称。从尖晶石成分分带的元素分布特征判断,其形成不是固溶体相平衡过程中的离子扩散,而可能是化学平衡过程中结晶矿物与熔浆之间化学成分平衡的结果,属于化学平衡导致的成分分带。从尖晶石矿物中心到边缘的温度变化不能反映矿物形成后所经历的温度变化状况,与尖晶石共生矿物的二辉石地质温度计所能代表的地质意义是矿物中心的温度(~1 006℃),反映矿物开始结晶时的温度状态。     

赣东北蛇绿岩地幔橄榄岩岩石成因及其地质意义

赣东北蛇绿岩作为华南少有的前寒武纪蛇绿岩长期都是华南大地构造研究中的热点。该蛇绿岩地幔橄榄岩以方辉橄榄岩为主,稀土总量为0.83×10-6~2.62×10-6,远低于原始地幔的含量,而Mg O含量高于原始地幔。稀土元素表现为LREE相对富集,微量元素表现为大离子亲石元素(LILE)富集,高场强元素Nb明显亏损的特征,这表明赣东北地幔橄榄岩具有亏损地幔源区特征,同时也有不同程度的俯冲带流体的交代特征。HREE模拟的部分熔融程度为10%~30%;同时,赣东北蛇绿岩地幔橄榄岩中同时包含Cr#60和Cr#60两种不同成因的铬尖晶石,说明其经历了MOR(mid-ocean ridge)和SSZ(supra-subduction zone)两种构造环境。结合前人资料,笔者推测赣东北蛇绿岩早先可能形成于洋中脊环境(约1060 Ma),随后在洋内俯冲作用下(约970 Ma),位于俯冲带上部的地幔橄榄岩受到了来自俯冲带的流体/熔体的交代,经历了SSZ环境的改造。     

超高温麻粒岩中尖晶石成分、结构特征和矿物反应的指示意义:以阿尔泰造山带超高温尖晶石-斜方辉石-石榴石麻粒岩为例

超高温变质作用的研究已成为世界上热门的地球科学领域之一,其中斜方辉石+夕线石+石英、假蓝宝石+石英、尖晶石+石英、大隅石+石英以及富铝斜方辉石等标型矿物组合和特征可以指示岩石经历了超高温变质作用(温度>900℃),这对查明地球深部下地壳的物质组成和构造演化具有重要意义。初次对产于世界上不同地区超高温麻粒岩尖晶石+石英共生等的标型矿物组合、不同赋存状态的尖晶石ZnO含量、XZn[Zn/(Mg+Fe2++Zn)]、XMg等进行分析和对比,认为不同地区不同赋存状态的尖晶石,其ZnO含量、XZn和XMg有所不同,但总的来说,超高温麻粒岩尖晶石中ZnO质量分数多数低于2.5%,但个别特殊的有高达近15%。尖晶石中XZn较低且尖晶石与石英共生,可以作为超高温变质的证据之一。通过对阿尔泰南缘超高温尖晶石-斜方辉石-石榴石麻粒岩中尖晶石成分及ZnO含量分析,得出与石英共生的尖晶石ZnO质量分数约为2.50%,且有与XFe成正比的变化趋势,而与钛铁矿共生的尖晶石ZnO质量分数约为1.85%,虽然两者含量稍有不同,但与世界上超高温麻粒岩中多数尖晶石ZnO含量相比都相近。结合其他特征矿物组合,可以确定该岩石中尖晶石与石英共生组合可以作为阿尔泰地区发生超高温变质作用的证据。通过对阿尔泰南缘与尖晶石-石英有关的变质反应期次划分等的初步研究,认为变质期次可划分为峰期变质和退变质两期,推测峰期的温度条件可达到1000℃,且该超高温麻粒岩可能经历了顺时针p-T演化轨迹。该超高温麻粒岩在阿尔泰造山带的出现,可能与古生代时期发生的古亚洲洋俯冲、西伯利亚板块和哈萨克斯坦—准噶尔板块碰撞造山作用过程有关。