橄榄岩中尖晶石化学成分分带的机理及其地质意义

橄榄岩中尖晶石的化学成分分带显示，在由温度降低引起的亚固相平衡过程中，与橄榄石及斜方辉石相邻的尖晶石边缘贫Mg和Al、富Fe和Cr，而与单斜辉石相邻的尖晶石边线相反。尖晶石的Fe和Mg分带为其他矿物的粒间Fe－Mg离子扩散所致；尖晶石中的Cr和Al分带则是尖晶石晶体内部Cr－Al离子的交互扩散所致。本文从热力学理论角度说明了尖晶石晶体内部的Cr－Al交互扩散受其Fe－Mg分带的控制；从热力学计算证明了尖晶石内Al必须从富Fe处向富Mg处扩散，解释了尖晶石中Mg和Al及Fe和Cr分带的一致性。     

Cr and Al diffusion in chromite spinel: experimental determination and its implication for diffusion creep

Diffusion coefficients of Cr and Al in chromite spinel have been determined at pressures ranging from 3 to 7 GPa and temperatures ranging from 1,400 to 1,700°C by using the diffusion couple of natural single crystals of MgAl₂O₄ spinel and chromite. The interdiffusion coefficient of Cr–Al as a function of Cr# (=Cr/(Cr + Al)) was determined as D _Cr–Al = D ₀ exp {−(Q′ + PV*)/RT}, where D ₀ = exp{(10.3 ± 0.08) × Cr#^0.54±0.02} + (1170 ± 31.2) cm²/s, Q′ = 520 ± 81 kJ/mol at 3 GPa, and V* = 1.36 ± 0.25 cm³/mol at 1,600°C, which is applicable up to Cr# = 0.8. The estimation of the self-diffusion coefficients of Cr and Al from Cr–Al interdiffusion shows that the diffusivity of Cr is more than one order of magnitude smaller than that of Al. These results are in agreement with patterns of multipolar Cr–Al zoning observed in natural chromite spinel samples deformed by diffusion creep.     

辽宁瓦房店金伯利岩中尖晶石族矿物种类划分及指示意义

晶体矿物学理论认为不同成岩环境金伯利岩中尖晶石族矿物由于形成物理化学条件不同,其晶体结构和化学成分会发生明显的变化,通过对无矿、贫矿、富矿金伯利岩岩管中的尖晶石族矿物晶胞参数和化学成分的测定,研究尖晶石族矿物化学成分和晶胞参数变化与无矿、贫矿、富矿金伯利岩的内在关系,可以提高金伯利岩型金刚石矿床找矿效率。为了确定辽宁瓦房店金伯利岩中的尖晶石族矿物种属,探讨辽宁瓦房店金伯利岩中尖晶石族矿物化学成分和晶胞参数与金伯利岩含矿性关系,本文运用电子探针波谱仪对50件尖晶石族矿物中的MgO、FeO、TiO2、Al2O3、MnO及Cr2O3进行微区化学成分分析,运用单晶X射线衍射仪对136个尖晶石族矿物晶胞参数进行测定。数据统计显示:瓦房店金伯利岩中尖晶石族矿物为铬铁矿和镁铬铁矿,以化学分子式中A、B组主要阳离子占位特征为基础,可把矿区的尖晶石族矿物划分为10个亚种;如果用尖晶石族矿物化学成分中Cr2O3与(Cr2O3+Al2O3)含量的比值Cr'来表示尖晶石族矿物与金伯利岩含矿性的关系,金伯利岩岩体含矿性由富矿→中等含矿→贫矿,相应岩体中尖晶石族矿物Cr'值分别为89.5%、83.4%~87.1%和70.2%,逐渐变低;从无矿金伯利岩岩体→贫矿和中等含矿金伯利岩岩体→富矿金伯利岩岩体,金伯利岩体中第一世代尖晶石族矿物晶胞参数分别为0.831~0.832 nm、0.834~0.836 nm、0.837 nm,有逐渐变大的趋势。本文认为,辽宁瓦房店金伯利岩中第一世代尖晶石族矿物晶胞参数大小和Cr'参数可以作为判断辽宁瓦房店金伯利岩含矿性的指示标型。     

Desilication veins in the Cadillac Mountain granite (Maine, USA): a record of reversals in the SiO2 solubility of H2O-rich vapour released during subsolidus cooling

Late-stage hydrous fluids, which evolved during the cooling of the Cadillac Mountain granite, Maine, USA, produced narrow veins that transect the pluton. The vein margins contain microstructures transitional between granite and the vein centre. They preserve the vestige shapes of original Na-rich alkali feldspar crystals that have been pseudomorphed by cordierite+quartz+K-rich alkali feldspar. Closer to the centres of the veins, the minerals change from an outer zone with cordierite, hercynitic–galaxite spinel, minor corundum, K-feldspar and plagioclase to an inner zone with remnant cordierite, hercynitic gahnite, strongly zoned almandine–spessartine garnet, chlorite and quartz. Three allochemical reactions are inferred to have occurred with the influx of hydrous fluids during the replacement process. Reaction (1) is Na-rich alkali feldspar+iron ions in solution=Fe-cordierite+quartz+K-feldspar+sodium ions in solution. Reactions (2) and (3) occurred during desilication. Reaction (2) is Fe-cordierite=hercynite+silica in solution, and reaction (3) is Fe-cordierite+water=corundum+iron hydroxide in solution+silicic acid in solution. Two independent techniques, experimental silica-solubility data and spinel–cordierite thermobarometry, constrain the conditions of vein formation to c.   1.0  kbar and both methods indicate that the progressive mineral reactions occurred during cooling of the hydrous fluids from c. 775° to 400–340  °C. This cooling trend is consistent with the petrographic evidence, which demonstrates that reactions occurred before desilication, during desilication, and then diminished with a final phase of resilication. Although the veins are minor features of the Cadillac Mountain granite, they provide insight into the conditions that prevailed during cooling of the pluton, and similar features may be important for constraining the cooling history of shallow-level plutonic complexes elsewhere.     

山东昌乐蓝宝石砂矿中镁尖晶石的宝石学特征

采用X射线粉末衍射、傅里叶变换红外光谱和电子探针分析等测试手段对山东市场上出现的一种冒充蓝宝石的矿物（当地称＂釉子＂）样品进行了常规宝石学、矿物学和谱学特征研究。结果表明,该样品为单晶镁尖晶石,其中Mg2＋和Fe2＋,Al3＋和Fe3＋发生了类质同像替代。山东昌乐产镁尖晶石具有强光泽、高硬度和耐久性,非常适于作中低档宝石,具有广阔的应用前景和经济价值,市场潜力巨大。     

Forearc serpentinite mélange from the Hongseong suture, South Korea

The signature of a prolonged subduction–accretion history from Paleozoic to Early Mesozoic is preserved within the dismembered serpentinite mélanges within the Hongseong suture. Here we present major and trace element data from the mafic fragments/blocks within the Baekdong serpentinite mélange revealing their arc-like tholeiite affinity within a suprasubduction zone tectonic setting. Chromian spinel compositions from the Baekdong hydrated mantle peridotite (serpentinite) are characterized by high Cr# (0.53–0.67) and Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ ratio, medium Mg# (0.42–0.55), and Al₂O₃ contents (17–25 wt.%) indicating a forearc tectonic environment for the hydrated mantle peridotite. The estimated melting degree (> 17.6%) and FeO/MgO of the parental melt (0.9–1.3) are consistent with that of forearc magmas. SHRIMP zircon U–Pb ages from a high-grade mafic rock and an anorthosite from the study area give protolith ages of ~ 310 Ma and ~ 228 Ma, respectively. Zircons from an associated orthogneiss block within the mélange yield a Neoproterozoic crystallization age of ~ 748 Ma. These results, together with the recent SHRIMP zircon ages from other dismembered serpentinite mélanges within the Wolhyeonri complex, suggest that Paleozoic to Early Mesozoic subduction and subsequent collision events led to the exhumation of the hydrated forearc mantle peridotites from a metasomatized mantle wedge. The Hongseong region preserves important clues to a long-lived subduction system related to global events associated with the final amalgamation of the Pangaea supercontinent.     

Chemical homogeneity of high-Cr chromitites as indicator for widespread invasion of boninitic melt in mantle peridotite of Bir Tuluha ophiolite,Northern Arabian Shield,Saudi Arabia

The Bir Tuluha ophiolite is one of the most famous chromitite-bearing occurrences in the Arabian Shield of Saudi Arabia, where chromitite bodies are widely distributed as lensoidal pods of variable sizes surrounded by dunite envelopes, and are both enclosed within the harzburgite host. The bulk-rock geochemistry of harzburgites and dunites is predominately characterized by extreme depletion in compatible trace elements that are not fluid mobile (e.g., Sr, Nb, Ta, Hf, Zr and heavy REE), but variable enrichment in the fluid-mobile elements (Rb and Ba). Harzburgites and dunites are also enriched in elements that have strong affinity for Mg and Cr such as Ni, Co and V. Chromian spinels in all the studied chromitite pods are of high-Cr variety; Cr-ratio (Cr/(Cr + Al) atomic ratio) show restricted range between 0.73 and 0.81. Chromian spinels of the dunite envelopes also show high Cr-ratio, but slightly lower than those in the chromitite pods (0.73–0.78). Chromian spinels in the harzburgite host show fairly lower Cr-ratio (0.49–0.57) than those in dunites and chromitites. Platinum-group elements (PGE) in chromitite pods generally exhibit steep negative slopes of typical ophiolitic chromitite PGE patterns; showing enrichment in IPGE (Os, Ir and Ru), over PPGE (Rh, Pt and Pd). The Bir Tuluha ophiolite is a unimodal type in terms of the presence of Ru-rich laurite, as the sole primary platinum-group minerals (PGM) in chromitite pods. These petrological features indicates that the Bir Tuluha ophiolite was initially generated from a mid-ocean ridge environment that produced the moderately refractory harzburgite, thereafter covered by a widespread homogeneous boninitic melt above supra-subduction zone setting, that produced the high-Cr chromitites and associated dunite envelopes. The Bir Tuluha ophiolite belt is mostly similar to the mantle section of the Proterozoic and Phanerozoic ophiolites, but it is a “unimodal” type in terms of high-Cr chromitites and PGE-PGM distribution.     

基性-超基性岩铜镍矿与铬铁矿含矿性判别研究

岩石与矿物地球化学数据常用于判别岩石成因、构造环境等,事实上它们也可以用于判别岩石成矿专属性,从而更好地指导找矿工作。通过对含铜镍矿的基性-超基性岩与含铬铁矿的基性-超基性岩全岩主量、铂族元素和铬铁矿尖晶石地球化学特征进行综合对比研究结果显示:1)铜镍矿的m/f值主要集中在1.5～8.5,铬铁矿主要集中在6.5～12.5,有一定重叠,因此通过m/f值确定是否成矿具有不确定因素;利用全岩主量元素的二元图解进行判别也存在重叠区域,不利于成矿专属性的判别。2)铜镍矿基性-超基性岩全岩具有高的w(PPGE)/w(IPGE)值(0.06～343.75,平均16),w(Pd)/w(Ir)1;铂族元素具有左倾的原始地幔配分模式;铬铁矿尖晶石高w(TiO_2)、Fe~#值,Cr~#、Mg~#值变化范围较大。3)铬铁矿基性-超基性岩全岩具有低的w(PPGE)/w(IPGE)值(0.000 4～20.34,平均0.55),w(Pd)/w(Ir)1,铂族元素具有右倾的原始地幔配分模式;铬铁矿尖晶石低w(TiO2),Fe~#、Mg~#值,高Cr~#值。因此,利用基性-超基性岩的铂族元素与铬铁矿地球化学特征值能有效指示成矿专属性,可成为基性-超基性岩铬铁矿与铜镍矿的勘查工具。     

黔东南苍蒲塘钾镁煌斑岩含铬尖晶石地球化学特征及其对金刚石含矿性的指示

钾镁煌斑岩是将原生金刚石从地幔带至地表的主要岩石类型之一,携带了岩石圈地幔金刚石源区和基底岩石丰富的地球化学信息。由于风化作用影响,出露地表的钾镁煌斑岩岩石结构和化学成分均发生明显变化,岩石组成和成因的原始信息很难保存。但是钾镁煌斑岩携带的锆石和尖晶石等副矿物/捕掳晶,可成为研究地幔深部岩浆–构造作用过程、钾镁煌斑岩金刚石含矿性等重要科学问题的探针。本文对黔东南苍蒲塘钾镁煌斑岩中的锆石和铬尖晶石分别进行了SHRIMPU-Pb定年和主量、微量元素分析。定年结果显示,苍蒲塘钾镁煌斑岩携带有古老的基底物质,较为年轻的岩浆锆石暗示其侵位年龄为451±7Ma,与黔东南其他钾镁煌斑岩的形成时代基本一致。苍蒲塘钾镁煌斑岩中铬尖晶石表面具有明显的溶蚀现象,具有高Cr(Cr#>0.6)、Ni(300~1026μg/g)和低Ti(TiO2<0.13%)、Ga(12.9~33.4μg/g)的特征,与全球金伯利岩/钾镁煌斑岩橄榄石捕虏体中的铬尖晶石特征相似;元素地球化学分析显示,铬尖晶石与受俯冲作用改造的地幔橄榄岩有关。依据铬尖晶石Cr#值(0.56~0.87)及其存在条件,推测其原始岩浆的压力范围为(30~53)×10^2MPa,对应于99~175km的深度,部分达到了金刚石稳定区的上限,暗示苍蒲塘地区具有较好的金刚石找矿前景。     

尖晶石型结构的晶体化学

在具有尖晶石型的晶体结构中，阳离子都处于特殊位置，O离子的坐标为（u，u，u），在成分或温度变化时，O离子的坐标发生变动，就牵动着整个结构的变化。本文在讨论了尖晶石型结构中各离子的几何关系之后，作了一些关系图，例如Y（B-0）对Y（O-A）／关系图。它按（A-O）／（B-O）数值的大小（或者u值的大小）将各点分成五个区，显然，它们受A、B阳离子大小的控制，在这基础上讨论了O离子的移动轨迹。最后讨论了尖晶石衍生体结构的空间群变化规律性。