Cotectic Proportions of Olivine and Spinel in Olivine-Tholeiitic Basalt and Evaluation of Pre-Eruptive Processes

The volume %, distribution, texture and composition of coexistingolivine, Cr-spinel and glass has been determined in quenchedlava samples from Hawaii, Iceland and mid-oceanic ridges. Thevolume ratio of olivine to spinel varies from 60 to 2800 andsamples with >0·02% spinel have a volume ratio ofolivine to spinel of approximately 100. A plot of wt % MgO vsppm Cr for natural and experimental basaltic glasses suggeststhat the general trend of the glasses can be explained by thecrystallization of a cotectic ratio of olivine to spinel ofabout 100. One group of samples has an olivine to spinel ratioof approximately 100, with skeletal olivine phenocrysts andsmall (<50 µm) spinel crystals that tend to be spatiallyassociated with the olivine phenocrysts. The large number ofspinel crystals included within olivine phenocrysts is thoughtto be due to skeletal olivine phenocrysts coming into physicalcontact with spinel by synneusis during the chaotic conditionsof ascent and extrusion. A second group of samples tend to havelarge olivine phenocrysts relatively free of included spinel,a few large (>100 µm) spinel crystals that show evidenceof two stages of growth, and a volume ratio of olivine to spinelof 100 to well over 1000. The olivine and spinel in this grouphave crystallized more slowly with little physical interaction,and show evidence that they have accumulated in a magma chamber. KEY WORDS: olivine; spinel; basalt glass; volume %; cotectic     

NiFe2O4—ZnFe2O4尖晶石固溶体中的离子占位

在１＊１０＾５Ｐａ,１４００℃条件下实验合成了不同成分的Ｎｉ（１－ｘ）ＺｎｘＦｅ２Ｏ４尖晶石,并将部分尖晶石在１１００℃和１６１０℃条件下重新平衡。采用粉晶Ｘ射线衍射法测定了尖晶石的晶胞参数。将实测的尖晶石晶胞参数与理论计算值进行对比,结果发现,在温度小于１４００℃时Ｎｉ（１－ｘ）ＺｎｘＦｅ２Ｏ４尖晶石中的四面体主要由Ｚｎ＾２＋、Ｆｅ＾３＋占据,而八面体主要由Ｎｉ＾２＋、Ｆｅ＾３＋占据,但至少当温     

^29Si,^27Al Magic—Angle—Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance（MAS NMR） Studies of Kaolinite and Its Thermal Transformation Products

²⁷Al,²⁹Si MAS NMR studies of kaolinite and its thermal transformation products show that in the kaolinite-mullite reaction series there is an extensive segregation of Al₂O₃ and SiO₂ and the reaction of Al₂O₃ with SiO₂ to form mullite is the main path of mullite formation. At about 850° C, the peak intensity of A1(V) reaches its maximum and with the further rise of temperature the A1(V) signal completely disappears. At about 950°C, γ-Al₂O₃ accounts for about 71% of the material phases containing Al atoms. In the series there is no obvious presence of Al-Si spinel. The²⁷Al and²⁹Si MAS NMR spectra show that there is an obvious difference between the temperature points for Al-O₂(OH)₄ octahedral sheet collapsing and Si-O₄ tetrahedral sheet breaking down.     

钙钒榴石的新变种—铬钙钒榴石的研究

铬钙钒榴石发现于江苏省句容县铜山铜钼矿外接触带的大理岩中。该矿物属等轴晶系,空间群为O_h~(10)-Ia3d。晶胞参数a_0=11.9470,Z=8;化学成分中SiO_2=34.99％,Al_2O_3=7.61％,CaO=32.95％,V_2O_5=13.41％,Cr_2O_3=10.13％,其化学式为:(Ca_(2.938)Na_(0.003)_(2.941)(V_(0.737)Cr_(0.666)Fe_(0.006)Al_(0.531)_(2.00)(Si_(2.938)Al_(0.156)_(3.094)O_(12)。折光率n=1.799(±0.0015)。计算比重为3.72。VHN_(100)=1168.7kg/mm~2,摩氏硬度7.1。它是一种既有钒,又有铬的同生沉积和岩浆侵入接触交代变质矿物。它的发现为石榴石族增添了新成员,并为铬钙钒榴石成因提供了新的产状资料,同时对铬钒元素的地球化学研究也具有重要意义。     

Provenance of the Late Permian Xuanwei Formation in the Upper Yangtze Block: Constraints from the Sedimentary Record and Tectonic Implications

Xuanwei Formation is composed of mudstone, siltstone, and sandstone, with local conglomerate. However, its provenance and tectonic setting have been scarcely studied. In this paper, we use sedimentology, electron probe microanalysis(EPMA), and detrital zircon dating to investigate its source area and depositional tectonic setting. The facies assemblages indicate that it formed in alluvial fan and fluvial river sedimentary environments. The strata thicknesses and facies distribution indicate that the sediment supply was from the west. The results of EPMA show that chromian spinels within the sediments are characterized by high Cr# and varying Mg#. Discrimination plots suggest that these spinels were sourced from large igneous province(LIP) magmatic rocks. The laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(LA-ICP-MS) U–Pb chronology of detrital zircons suggests that the sediments were derived from intermediate–acid igneous rocks dating back to 251–260? Ma. We could, therefore, conclude that the provenance of the Xuanwei Formation is from Emeishan basalt and synchronous felsic igneous rocks, which is consistent with the composition of the detrital framework. The detrital zircon dates also suggest that felsic magmatism occurred during the Late Permian, not after the eruption of the Emeishan basalt. Based on the sedimentary successions and provenance analysis, the tectonic setting for Xuanwei Formation deposition was a volcanic rifted margin.     

Honvang serpentinite body of the Song Ma fault zone, Northern Vietnam: A remnant of oceanic lithosphere within the Indochina–South China suture

The Honvang serpentinite body in the Song Ma fault zone consists mainly of massive serpentinite, altered gabbro and rare chromitite. The serpentinite preserves relict chromian spinel with rare olivine inclusions. The compositional relationship between the Fo content of olivine (Fo_90–92) and Y_Cr [atomic ratio Cr / (Cr + Al) = 0.43–0.44] of chromian spinel suggests that the original peridotite was spinel-bearing lherzolitic harzburgite. Chromitite is typically a high-Al type, consisting of chromian spinel with Y_Cr = 0.43–0.44. Saussuritized fine-grained gabbros display nearly flat rare earth element patterns, suggesting MORB-like affinity. Considering this petrotectonic information, we suggest that the serpentinite body of the Song Ma fault zone represents a remnant of paleo-oceanic lithosphere between the Indochina and South China blocks. The lherzolitic harzburgite may have formed in an environment with low degrees of melt depletion in a slow-spreading setting similar to some Tethyan paleo-oceanic lithospheres.     

高温高压下Mg2SiO4-MgAlO4体系相变的实验研究

采用多顶砧高压实验装置研究了Mg2SiO4-MgAl2O4体系在压力为22 GPa,温度为1550～1750℃条件下的相变,并考查了Al2O3在γ相中的固溶度.结果表明,随着体系中MgAl2O4组分含量的增加,相组合发生了变化,依次为γ相+镁铝硅酸盐固溶体+方镁石→镁铝硅酸盐固溶体+方镁石→镁铝硅酸盐固溶体+方镁石+刚玉固溶体;镁铝硅酸盐固溶体具有石榴子石结构,其化学成分随着体系中共存相的改变而有所变化;Al2O3在γ相中的固溶度很低(其重量百分比＜0.8%),因此,在Mg2SiO4-MgAl2O4体系中Al2O3可能对γ相超尖晶石分解转变的压力不会有很大的影响.     

Metamorphic evolution of sapphirine‐ and orthoamphibole‐cordierite‐bearing gneiss,Okanogan dome,Washington, USA

Gneiss domes are commonly cored by quartzofeldspathic rocks that provide little information about the pressure–temperature–fluid history of the domes. Three northern Cordilleran migmatite domes (Thor‐Odin and Valhalla/Passmore, British Columbia, Canada; Okanogan, Washington, USA), however, contain Mg–Al‐rich orthoamphibole‐cordierite gneiss as layers and lenses that record metamorphic conditions and pressure–temperature (P–T) path information not preserved in the host migmatite. These Mg–Al‐rich rocks are therefore a valuable archive of metamorphic conditions during dome evolution, although refractory rocks such as these commonly contain reaction textures that may complicate the calculation of metamorphic conditions. In the Okanogan dome, Mg–Al‐rich layers are part of the Tunk Creek unit, which occurs at the periphery of an underlying migmatite domain. Bulk compositional layers (mm‐ to m‐scale) consist of gedrite‐dominated, hornblende‐dominated and biotite‐bearing layers that contain variable amounts of gedrite, hornblende, anorthite, cordierite, spinel, sapphirine, corundum, kyanite, biotite and/or staurolite. The presence of different compositional layers (some with reaction textures, some without) allows systematic analysis of metamorphic history by a combined petrographic and phase equilibrium analysis. Gedrite‐dominated layers containing relict kyanite preserve evidence of the highest‐P conditions; symplectitic and coronal reaction textures around kyanite indicate decompression at high temperature. Gedrite‐dominated layers lacking these reaction textures contain layers of sapphirine and spinel in apparent textural equilibrium and record a later high‐T–low‐P part of the path. Phase equilibria (pseudosection) analysis for layers that lack reaction textures indicates metamorphic conditions of 720–750 °C at a range of pressures (>8 to <4 kbar) following decompression. Elevated crustal temperatures and concordant structural fabrics in the Tunk Creek unit and underlying migmatite domain suggest that the calculated P–T conditions recorded in Tunk Creek rocks were coeval with anatexis, extension, and dome formation in Palaeocene–Eocene time. In contrast to orthoamphibole‐cordierite gneiss in the other Cordilleran domes, the Tunk Creek unit occurs as a discontinuous km‐scale layer rather than as smaller (m‐scale) pods, is more calcic, and lacks garnet. In addition, kyanite did not transform to sillimanite, and spinel commonly occurs as a blocky matrix phase in addition to vermicules in symplectite. These differences, along with the compositional layering, allow an analysis of bulk composition v. tectonic (P–T path) controls on mineral assemblages and textures. Pseudosection modelling of different layers in the Tunk Creek unit provides a basis for understanding the metamorphic history of these texturally complex, refractory rocks and their host gneiss domes, and other such rocks in similar tectonic settings.     

Serpentinized Peridotites at the North Part of the Wadi Allaqi District (Egypt): Implications for the Tectono-Magmatic Evolution of Fore-arc Crust

The Neoproterozoic Allaqi-Heiani suture （800-700 Ma） in the south Eastern Desert of Egypt is the northernmost linear ophiolitic belt that defines an arc-arc suture in the Arabian- Nubian shield （ANS）. The Neoproterozoic serpentinized peridotites represent a distinct lithology of dismembered ophiolites along the Allaqi-Heiani suture zone. The alteration of peridotites varies, some contain relicts of primary minerals （Cr-spinel and olivine） and others are extremely altered, especially along thrusts and shear zones, with development of talc, talc-carbonate and quartz-carbonate. The fresh cores of the chromian spinels are rimmed by ferritchromite and Cr- magnetite. The fresh chromian spinels have high Cr# （0.62 to 0.79）, while Mg# shows wider variation （0.35-0.59）. High Cr# in the relict chromian spinels and Fo content in the primary olivines indicate that they are residual peridotites after extensive partial melting. The studied ophiolitic upper mantle peridotites are highly depleted and most probably underwent high degrees of partial melting at a supra-subduction zone setting. They can be produced by up to -20%-22% dynamic melting of a primitive mantle source. The mineralogical and geochemical features of the studied rocks reflect that the mantle peridotites of the north part of the Wadi Allaqi district are similar to the fore-arc peridotites of a supra-subduction zone.     

How Cr<Superscript>3+</Superscript> and Fe<Superscript>3+</Superscript> affect Mg–Al order–disorder transformation at high temperature in natural spinels

Three natural Mg(Al_2-yCr_y)O₄ spinels (y 0.07–0.16), highly ordered in terms of Mg–Al, and one Mg(Al_2–yFe³⁺_y)O₄ spinel (y0.08), highly ordered also in terms of Fe³⁺, were studied by means of X-ray single-crystal diffraction. All samples were heated in situ from 25 to 1000 °C in order to follow both thermal expansion and evolution of the structural state of spinel with temperature. Thermal expansion was monitored by means of the variation of cell edge a with temperature, and found to be well represented throughout the temperature range by a regression line a = a₀ (1+T), slightly different at lower and higher temperatures. Thermal expansion coefficient ₁, referring to the lower temperature range (i.e. during pure thermal expansion), was slightly lower than ₂, calculated only over the highest temperatures. The trend showed different slopes for individual crystals. Structural evolution with temperature was studied by means of the variation of oxygen positional parameter u, which is strongly influenced by intersite cation exchange and thus closely correlated with inversion parameter x. In particular, in the three Cr samples, in which Cr resides only in the octahedral site, u parameter variations and hence the order–disorder process, started at about 700 °C. Instead, in the Fe³⁺ sample, this process was triggered at lower temperatures, starting at 550 °C with Fe³⁺–Mg exchange followed at higher temperatures by that of Mg–Al. Cr contents in the Cr samples affected the occupancy of Al in the tetrahedral site at the highest temperatures. In both Mg–Al–Cr and Mg–Al–Fe³⁺ compositions, if CrFe³⁺, parameter u reached the same value only when the Mg–Al exchange was dominant, i.e. at the highest temperatures, but not before. Cation distribution at each temperature was obtained by the bond-length model, applying thermal expansion to pure bond lengths. This method is applied here to complex compositions for the first time.