BMPCA的衍生季铵盐（Ⅱ）──BMPCA同三正辛胺、六亚甲基四胺和三乙醇胺的反应及产物结构鉴定

ＢＭＰＣＡ的衍生季铵盐（Ⅱ）──ＢＭＰＣＡ同三正辛胺、六亚甲基四胺和三乙醇胺的反应及产物结构鉴定彭启强，徐焕志，夏宗凤，向华，孙玉善（海洋化学系）考虑到某些季铵盐化合物的杀菌性能和环境安全性都较优良，以及ＢＭＰＣＡ－Ｎ－（４－溴－２－甲基苯基）－２－...     

A SF6 tracer study of horizontal mixing in Lake Constance

Horizontal mixing processes in the hypolimnion of the western part of Lake Constance are studied by measuring the dispersion of a sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆) tracer plume. Only 1 liter gaseous SF₆ (STP) was released at a central hypolimnic depth of 60 m in August 1990. Over a period of 3 months the horizontal dispersion of the tracer plume was measured by 19 surveys using a new, vertically integrating sampling device. The observed horizontal dispersion is marked by strong storm-induced stirring events. Nevertheless mean turbulent diffusion coefficients for the whole period can be computed. They rise about linear from 0.7 10⁵ cm²/s to 3.0 10⁵ cm²/s with the distance from the western end of the lake. For the hypolimnion of Überlingersee, a sill-separated basin in the western part of Lake Constance, a simple budget model gives an exchange time of 67 ± 6 days with the main basin (Obersee).     

同位素示踪方法测定柴达木盆地西台盐湖地下卤水参数研究

为了测定柴达木盆地西台吉乃尔盐湖地下水流速、流向,从而来计算该区的渗透系数,正确确定其渗透系数,无论对科学研究还是对生产开采,均有着重要的理论和现实意义.介绍同位素示踪方法测定该区地下水卤水流速,流向实验原理及结果,并对实验数据进行分析整理.     

干湿循环对混凝土在高浓度卤水中氯离子扩散行为的影响

在高浓度盐湖卤水中,采用自然扩散法进行了混凝土的III维氯离子扩散实验,研究了普通混凝土(Ordinary Portland cement concrete,OPC)、高强混凝土(High strength concrete,HSC)、高性能混凝土(High performance concrete,HPC)、钢纤维增强高性能混凝土(Steel fiber reinforced high performance concrete,SFRHPC)和高强高模聚乙烯纤维增强高性能混凝土(High elasticity module Polyethylene fiber reinforced high performance concrete,HEMPFRHPC)的氯离子扩散行为,探讨了干湿循环对混凝土氯离子扩散行为的影响。结果表明,干湿循环作用加快了OPC、HSC和HPC的氯离子扩散速度,而且毛细管作用对OPC、HSC、HPC和SFRHPC的氯离子扩散行为有一定程度的影响,从而导致混凝土表面氯离子浓度的富集现象更加明显。进一步研究发现,干湿循环降低了OPC的表观氯离子扩散系数,但是对HSC、MPC和HEMPFRHPC的表观氯离子扩散系数则没有明显的影响。     

Multi‐year tracking of sediment sources in a small agricultural watershed using rare earth elements

Rare earth elements (REEs) have been successfully used as a sediment tracer, but the REE technique has never been used for studying sediment sources for a multi‐year period. A nearly four‐year field experiment was conducted on a small agricultural watershed near Coshocton, OH, USA, to assess the applicability of the REE technique for a multi‐year period and to evaluate the relative contributions of sediment sources in the watershed. Tracer depletion and tracer enrichment ratio (ratio of the tracer concentrations in sediment to the concentrations in the soil in the areas of application) were evaluated to examine the applicability and accuracy of the technique. A minimum of 91 per cent of the mass of the applied elements was still available on any individual morphological element at the end of the experimental period. The tracer enrichment ratio varied from 0·4 to 2·3, and it was not significantly related to time. The relative contributions of six morphological elements within the watershed were evaluated as proportions to total sediment yield. The relative contribution of the lower channel was significantly increased as a function of the amount of sediment yield, while that of the lower backslope was significantly decreased. The relative contribution of the lower channel significantly decreased as a function of cumulative sediment yield, while the contributions of the shoulder and the upper backslope significantly increased. Our results showed that the REE technique can be used to track sediment sources for a relatively long period with two limitations or potential sources of error associated with a selective depletion of tracers and a contamination of downslope areas with tagged sediments from upslope areas. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

非正交系坐标测量系统原理及进展

非正交系坐标测量系统是近十几年来发展的一类移动、便携式的测量系统，一般分为电子经纬仪测量系统、全站仪测量系统、数字近景摄影测量系统、激光跟踪测量系统、激光扫描测量系统和关节式坐标机等6类，通过间接测量边长和角度来确定测点的三维坐标值。本文将这6类测量系统归纳为球坐标测量法、三角测量法、三边测量法和导线测量法4种测量方法，讨论了其测量原理，简单介绍了其应用和发展。     

非保守示踪剂条件下的河流水质参数的确定

将描述示踪剂为非保守、瞬时投源条件下的一维河流水团示踪试验的解析表达式进行2次适当的变形,分别得到一个二元和一元线性方程。对二元线性方程应用相关系数极值法,可以推导出计算河流横断面平均流速的公式;利用直线图解法或一元线性回归法能够计算出一元线性方程中的2个常数值,据此可以计算河流的纵向离散系数D_L与示踪剂的一级反应速率常数k。与现有的数据分析方法相比较,该方法具有:(1)适用于示踪剂为非保守的情况;(2)利用一组野外试验数据可以同时计算河流离散系数D_L、河流横断面平均流速V与示踪剂的一级反应速率k常数3个参数值;(3)全部数据分析过程可以程序化,由计算机完成等特点。     

Geochemical Process of Gas Hydrate Formation in the Nankai Trough Based on Chloride and Isotopic Anomalies in Interstitial Water

Abstract: Interstitial water expelled from gas hydrate-bearing and -free sediments in the Nankai Trough are analyzed in terms of Cl-, SO₄²-, δ¹⁸O and δD. The baselines for the Cl- concentration and δ¹⁸O value are close to seawater values (530 mM and 0%), indicating that the interstitial water is of seawater origin. The δD values decrease with depth, implying isotopic exchange of hydrogen between upwelling biogenic methane depleted in D and interstitial water. The Cl- concentrations in gas hydrate-bearing sediments are anomalously low, while the δ¹⁸O and δD values are both high, suggesting that the water forming these gas hydrates was poor in Cl- and enriched in ¹⁸O and D during gas hydrate formation. Calculation of the gas hydrate saturations using Cl "and δ¹⁸O anomalies gives results of up to 80 % in sand, and shows that the δ¹⁸O baseline is not consistent with the Cl" baseline. The δ¹⁸O baseline increases by +1% in gas hydrate-free clay and silt. This is considered to be caused by clustering of water molecules after gas hydrate dissociation in response to the upward migration of the base of gas hydrate stability, as indicated by the presence of a double bottom-simulating reflector at this site. The water clusters enriched in ¹⁸O are responsible for the increase in the δ¹⁸O baseline with normal Cl". The abrupt shallowing of the base of gas hydrate stability may induce the dissociation of gas hydrates and the accumulation of gases in the new stability zone, representing a geological process that increases gas hydrate saturation.     

海盐氯循环对输送污染物致酸的缓冲作用

着重研究海盐氯循环对输送污染物致酸的缓冲作用,通过对全球低污染点酸雨资料分析,初步结论是:海盐氯循环使经过海洋上空输送的致酸大气污染物转化为中性盐,这一机制缓冲了经过海洋上空输送的致酸前提物的酸性,使受体点降水中出现氯亏损、硫富集,并伴随有降水中氯亏损和H+离子浓度的负相关。在高氯亏损降水样品中,降水pH值一般大于5.0。硫同位素动力学分析表明,当降水pH值大于5.6氯亏损时,污染物在海洋上空输送过程中和海盐发生非均相反应的速率与其发生均相反应的速率接近。但这一机制仅适用沿海地区。     

Geochemical Evolution of Hydrothermal Fluids at the Daejang Cu–Zn–Pb Vein Deposit, Korea

Abstract: The Daejang mine is located within the Cretaceous Gyeongsang basin. Mineral paragenesis can be divided into four stages (stages I, II, III and IV) by major tectonic fracturing. Stages I, III and IV are economically barren. Stage II, at which the precipitation of major ore minerals occurred, is further divided into three substages with paragenetic time based on minor fractures and discernible mineral assemblages: substage IIa, marked by deposition of quartz and Fe–sulfides; substage IIb, by introduction of base-metal sulfides within carbonates and some quartz; substage IIc, by quartz and carbonates with various sulfosalts. Fluid inclusion data indicate a complex geochemical evolution of hydrothermal fluids. Both CO₂–rich and H₂O–rich fluids were trapped in fluid inclusions at stage I and substage IIa. It is suggested that a compositionally heterogeneous fluid was formed by fluid boiling and CO₂ immiscibility at temperatures of about 400° to 300°C. Composite lodes of base-metal sul–fides, carbonates and quartz at substage IIb were deposited in open spaces created by fracturing. The fracturing event prompted rapid decreases in pressure and temperature of residual fluids and resulted in retrograde fluid boiling at about 200 bars and 300°–250°C during substage IIb. The progressive loss of CO₂ by CO₂ effervescence and retrograde boiling from substage IIa and IIb fluids resulted in pH increase and related increase in carbonate activity, causing deposition of abundant carbonates. The change in pH also caused the decrease of stability of hydrogen sulfide with Cu, Zn and Pb chloride complexes (as main transporting agents at Daejang) and resulted in the pricipitation of base-metal minerals. Deposition of Ag– and Sb-bearing sul–fides and sulfosalts of substage IIc occurred at temperatures of about 250° to 150°C from a dominantly aqueous fluid with low salinity (down to 3. 0 equiv. wt % NaCl). At this substage, aqueous fluid formed by mixing with cooler and less saline meteoric groundwater. There is a systematic decrease in caculated δ¹⁸O_water values with the mineralization stage (and decreasing temperature) in the Daejang hydrothermal system, from values of about 11% for stage I, through about 4% for stages II and III, to about –3 per mil for stage IV. The result of stable isotope and fluid inclusion studies are interpreted to indicate progressive less evolved and/or unexchanged meteoric water influx of an early hydrothermal system formed by highly evolved meteoric waters.